Study on the mechanism of anti-depression mechanism of licorice and its application
Abstract : To explore the characteristics of licorice in the treatment of depression. In the recent literature on the treatment of depression caused by Chinese herbal medicine licorice, the characteristics of licorice treatment of depression were analyzed from the anti-depressant active ingredients of licorice and its application in traditional Chinese medicine compound. Glycyrrhiza has a wide range of applications in the treatment of depression, and it has a good effect in improving animal behavior and biochemical indicators. Its mechanism mainly involves regulating monoamine neurotransmitters and their receptors in the brain, improving the hypothalamus; learning the adrenal gland (HPA). Axis function, anti-free radical, anti-inflammatory, etc.
effect. Licorice treatment of depression has the characteristics of stable curative effect, long-lasting effect and small adverse reactions. It provides ideas and reference for clinical screening of anti-depressant traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients and prescription compatibility.
Key words : depression; licorice; mechanism of action; experimental study; clinical application
Depression, also known as "emotional cold", is a common emotional disorder that is characterized by a persistent state of mind. The clinical manifestations are depression, loss of interest and happiness, and often accompanied by physical symptoms such as abnormal sleep, loss of appetite, weight loss, loss of libido, and even extreme behavior such as suicide. At present, depression is the fourth largest disease in the world. According to WHO prediction, by 2020, depression will become the second largest disease in humans after heart disease.
The pathogenesis of depression has not been known so far. The most studied monoamine neurotransmitters and their receptor hypotheses, inflammatory response hypothesis, hypothalamic cluster atrophy, adrenal gland (HPA axis) dysfunction hypothesis, neurotrophic factors Hypothesis and multi-factor synthesis hypothesis, its main drugs for the treatment of depression: tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and reversible selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 5-light tryptamine (SHIT) and norepinephrine (NE) Re-uptake inhibitors, NE and dopamine (DA) reuptake inhibitors. Although these drugs can improve depression to varying degrees, the side effects of these drugs are large, mainly including apathy, fatigue, sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, stroke and so on. The toxic side effects of natural medicines are low, and licorice has a long history of use as a traditional Chinese medicine. The “New Resource Food Management Measures†promulgated by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China stipulates that licorice is both a food and a medicine resource, and the FDA has already added licorice extract. Listed as safe and non-toxic substances, scientific research proves that licorice extract is an additive with various functions such as bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory, detoxification and deodorization. It is mainly used for the treatment of stomach, duodenal ulcer and urine collapse. Disease, tuberculosis, dermatitis, bronchial asthma, etc. In recent years, it has been found that licorice has a significant effect on the treatment of depression. Now the active ingredients in licorice are reviewed for the treatment of depression, which provides a theoretical basis for the development of new drugs for the treatment of depression.
1 Biochemical characteristics of licorice
Licorice is the dry root and rhizome of leguminous ural licorice, licorice or licorice. Sweet, flat, heart, lung, spleen, stomach, with spleen and qi, clearing heat and detoxification, phlegm and cough, relieve pain, reconcile various drugs, etc., is the most widely used traditional Chinese medicine, known as " Old country." Modern pharmacological studies have shown that licorice has many activities such as liver protection, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antitussive, antimalarial, anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, immune mediation, hypoglycemic and anti-platelet aggregation.
The main components in licorice are trichosanthes and flavonoids, among which licorice is an important monomeric active ingredient in flavonoids and has a good antidepressant effect.
2 Mechanism of action of licorice against depression
2.1 improve behavioral indicators using Shanghai Welcomes soft Information Technology Co., Ltd. large mouse forced swim test (FST), mouse tail suspension test (TST) Information Technology Co., Ltd. Shanghai Xin soft and Shanghai Xin Soft Information Technology Co., Ltd. The anti-stress and depressive behaviors of total flavonoids of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. The results showed that total flavonoids of licorice 100, 300 mg/kg could significantly shorten the TST and FST immobility time of stressed rats, increasing 0 FT. The number of horizontal activities, the number of vertical activities and the number of modifications in stressed rats, and the number of fecal pellets.
The 10,20,40 mg/kg glycyrrhizin treatment showed significant increase in sugar consumption in the depressive model animals, and the 20, 40 mg / kg group had returned to normal levels. Glycyrrhizin can also significantly reduce the immobility time of chronic stress rats in forced swimming experiments, of which the 20 mg "kg-' group has the strongest effect [[A]
2. 2 improve biochemical indicators
2. 2. 1 regulation of monoamines The low level of monoamine transmitters in the synaptic cleft of the brain is one of the main pathogenesis of depression. It is mainly depleted by four pathways: monoamine oxidase (MAO) degradation, presynaptic membrane receptor reuptake, autoreceptor antagonism, and binding to postsynaptic membrane receptors. The total flavonoid extract (LF) of licorice was given for 7 days. Each dose group had a better effect on reserpine-induced ptosis and motor insufficiency, but had no effect on the symptoms of hypothermia. Therefore, it is speculated that LF may have central SHIT nerve function or dopaminergic nerve function enhancement without the agonistic effect of central a_adrenergic receptor. Compared with the model group, the different doses of Glycyrrhiza can significantly reduce the hypothermia caused by reserpine in mice, and the inability to move and the drooping of the eyelids (P<0.05, P<0.01), indicating that Glycyrrhizin has obvious anti-lipotropin effect. Its role may be related to monoamine neurotransmitter antagonism.
2. 2. 2 regulation of HPA axis HPA axis hyperfunction will lead to HPA axis imbalance is also one of the important mechanisms of depression. HPA axis dysregulation is mainly related to hippocampal glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and glucocorticoid receptors. Hyperfunction of HPA, increased secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), elevated plasma (serum) and urinary free corticosterone. The hippocampus contains a large number of glucocorticoid receptors. The increase in corticosterone may in turn damage the hippocampus, causing it to shrink and the number of synapses to decrease. Through repeated stress, except for the blank group, the other groups showed obvious depressive symptoms, and serum interleukin, cortisol increased significantly, and interleukin decreased significantly. After 21 days of drug treatment, the positive group and the middle dose group of glycyrrhizin (20 mg/kg) were able to reverse IL-1p, and the increase in cortisol (P < 0.05) } IL-6 concentration (P < 0. 05 ), the effect on IL-2 is not obvious.
2. 2.3 anti-radical activity of SOD decreased lipid peroxide content increase is also one of the important mechanisms of pathogenesis of depression. Superoxide dismutase is an important antioxidant enzyme in the body, which can effectively remove free radicals. Malondialdehyde is a metabolite of lipid peroxidation. When it accumulates in the brain, it can crosslink with protein through the primary amino group reaction of protein, destroying the membrane lipid bilayer, leading to cell permeability change, and finally causing Neuronal degeneration and apoptosis. Animal experiments also found that rats with chronic stress depression had decreased colonic superoxide dismutase activity and increased malondialdehyde content. Glycyrrhizin can be obvious
Reversing the behavioral impairment of chronic stress in rats, and possibly by increasing the body's superoxide dismutase activity, scavenging free radicals, preventing lipid peroxidation, and reducing the production of malondialdehyde, thereby achieving antidepressant-like effects.
2. 2. 4 Protecting neurons The increase in HPA axis function and the increase in corticosterone levels caused by stress are closely related to the decrease of cell regeneration ability and the occurrence of depression in hippocampus including neurons. From the experimental animal model, brain morphology and autopsy changes in depression patients, and antidepressant drug treatment, it was confirmed that the number of BrdU-labeled positive cells was restored during the occurrence and outcome of depression. Hippocampal dentate granules The recovery of nerve regeneration capacity under SGZ is critical [CI3-la7. The total flavonoid extract of licorice has anti-CUS-induced depression behavior in rats, and the antidepressant effect is related to the ability to reduce corticosterone levels and protect cells in the hippocampus including neurons. However, it is worth noting that some of the experimental observations are effective at high doses, while medium and small doses are ineffective or statistical.
Indistinguishable phenomenon
2. 2. 5 Anti-inflammatory effects The body's release of inflammatory cytokines leads to peripheral immune activation, which in turn causes neuroendocrine and immune system dysfunction is one of the causes of depression. The study found that the inflammatory factor IL-6 can enhance the activity of SIT and DA neurons in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats. These neuronal activity enhancements accelerate the reuptake of central monoamine neurotransmitters and reduce synaptic interstitial neurotransmitter concentrations. The inflammatory cytokine IL-6 is able to cause excessive activation of the HPA axis by regulating the negative feedback inhibition of the HPA axis by peripheral glucocorticoids. Nuclear transcription factor-KB (NF1kB) plays an important role in the survival of central nervous system cells. Especially in the hippocampus, NF1cB may activate nitric oxide (NO) synthase to increase the synthesis of NO, while excessive NO inhibits hippocampal neurons. At the same time, NF1cB also causes an increase in the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, active oxides, and excitatory toxins that cause neurodegenerative diseases, affecting changes in the central nervous system, which is also thought to be closely related to depression. Both licorice total flavonoids and licorice flavonoids can inhibit the expression of iNOS, cyclooxygenase (COX) gene and protein and the expression of inflammatory mediator IL-6, and up-regulate peroxidation. Gene expression of the proliferator-activated receptor}y (PPAR}y), so isoglycyrrhizin may be an anti-inflammatory active ingredient of total flavonoids of licorice [[I9] total licorice saponin can significantly reduce LPS-induced RAW264. 7 The release of cellular NO } ILK and tumor necrosis factor II (TNF}) and the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 ( PGEz ) by inhibiting phospholipase Az ( PLAz ) enzymatic activity and COX} expression.
3 Research and application of licorice anti-depression
Although licorice has a good therapeutic effect on behavioral and biochemical indicators in animal models of depression in experimental research, it is generally not treated with licorice alone for the treatment of patients with depression.
3. The proportion of licorice in the anti-depressant Chinese medicine compound prescription. Through reviewing the recent research on the treatment of depression with traditional Chinese medicine compound, the application of traditional Chinese medicine licorice in its prescription compatibility was summarized. See Table 1
Most Chinese herbal medicines for treating depression contain licorice. The Ganmai jujube soup is especially typical, indicating that Chinese licorice does have a good effect in the treatment of depression.
3.2 Experimental study CHSGS (Bupleurum, Citrus, Xiang Fu, Sichuan peony, white peony root, licorice) can improve depression in hippocampus of rats monoamine neurotransmitter 5HT, NE and DA content, high The dose group improved significantly, and its antidepressant effect was similar to that of western medicine fluoxetine. Suanzaoren decoction (sucrose jujube, licorice, Zhimu, Fuqi, Chuanxiong) can significantly improve the psychotic depression symptoms such as loss of interest and decreased mobility in rats with diffuse stress. Antidepressant may increase the intracerebral Amine neurotransmitter content is related. Xiaoyao San (Bupleurum, Angelica, Angelica, Atractylodes, Obtained, Ginger, Peppermint, Zhigancao) can increase the levels of neurotransmitters in hippocampus, cortex and serum of depressive model animals; the expression levels of hippocampus and cortex in model rats are The trend was increased, and the expression level was inhibited. Among them, Xiaoyao 7.5 g/kg dose significantly increased the expression level of the cortex.
3.3 clinical application in clinical depression is divided into adolescent depression, postpartum depression, menopausal depression, postoperative depression and elderly depression. Feng Zhenyu and other applications of Jiamai Ganmao jujube soup (licorice, wheat, jujube) treatment of 43 cases of female menopausal depression, 2 cases of recovery, 24 cases of significant improvement, 11 cases of improvement, 6 cases of ineffective, the effective rate was 88.4%. Xu Lei [25] observed Liujunzi Decoction (ginseng, Atractylodes, Acquire, Ganchao, Chenpi, Pinellia) and Banxia Houpu Decoction in the treatment of 29 patients with postoperative depression of gastric cancer, 0 cases recovered, 6 cases improved significantly, 15 cases improved Ineffective, 8 cases, the effective rate was 72.4%, Feng Guangming and other Cz}l treatment of 62 patients with depression with Xiaoyao San, 58 patients with effective treatment after 8 weeks of treatment, 38 cases recovered, 14 cases improved significantly, progress 4 cases, 2 cases were ineffective, and the effective rate was 90%.
4 Conclusion
The Chinese herbal medicine licorice was first seen in the "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic" and has been used until now. Its role is still being continually excavated. The active ingredients in licorice include flavonoids, trichosanthes, polysaccharides, etc. Pharmacological studies mainly focus on compounds such as glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, total flavonoids, single flavonoids and polysaccharides. In the treatment of depression, total flavonoids of licorice and glycyrrhizin are the main active substances. The main antidepressant mechanism of licorice involves regulating monoamine transmitters and their receptors; regulating HPA axis; anti-free radicals; protecting neuronal cells; The role of cytokines, etc., see Figure 1. In addition to antidepressant effects, licorice has the functions of liver protection, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antitussive, antimalarial, anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, immune mediation, hypoglycemic and anti-platelet aggregation, and is used clinically for liver protection. Liver, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic, and treatment of cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. Although traditional Chinese medicine licorice is in the status of adjuvant medicine in most traditional Chinese medicine treatments for depression and its dosage is small, this does not mean that Chinese medicine licorice is dispensable for the treatment of depression. Ganmai jujube soup is a very Good evidence.
Coix seed is sweet in taste and slightly cold in nature. Coix seed not only has edible value, but also has high medicinal value. It is a traditional Chinese medicine. It has the effect of invigorating the spleen and infiltrating dampness. Toxin metabolism, it can improve the body edema and beriberi caused by excessive damp toxin. It also has the effect of removing arthralgia and relieving diarrhea, which can treat damp arthralgia, and has a certain relieving effect on diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, disharmony between the spleen and stomach, and indigestion. Coix seed is slightly cold in nature, can clear heat and expel pus, and is mainly used for lung carbuncle, intestinal carbuncle and other diseases.
Jilin Yomi Agricultural and Sideline Products Import and Export Co.LTD. focusing on building a green base, building a characteristic industrial chain, deepening the channel supply chain, vigorously developing export trade, and leading the development direction of the entire industry; insisting on green development, promoting the concept of health, and making every effort to build a national leading enterprise in the organic grain industry.
Coix Seed,Coix Seed Bulk,Organic Coix Seed,Coix Seed Adalah
Yomifresh , https://www.yomifresh.com