About liquid biopsy: these are what you should know
Oxnard, who works at the Dana Faber Cancer Center in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, offers a new option: "Let's check your blood." He just collected some blood samples and performed a "blood biopsy."
In less than a day, he discovered tumor DNA that produced a small amount of mutations that caused the tumor to develop resistance. Fortunately, there is a drug that is targeted to treat this mutation in clinical research. Oxnard managed to get the patient to participate in the study, and her condition was relieved again.
Liquid biopsy is a liquid sample, usually referred to as blood, saliva, urine, etc., which can be used for health diagnosis. Here, a liquid biopsy specifically refers to blood used to detect cancer information.
Genetic alteration is an important cause of tumor production and development, and almost all cancer patients carry DNA mutations. These mutations are usually present only in tumor cells and not in normal cells, thus providing convenient specific biomarkers for the detection and tracking of tumor tissues. A wide variety of mutation sites and genotypes also provide the necessary information for accurate diagnosis and treatment of tumors.
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Scientists have discovered that some tumor cells and even whole cells will leave the original tumor cells and enter the bloodstream, and blood biopsy will emerge. In this way, blood samples can be collected to analyze the genetic characteristics of tumor DNA, thereby avoiding solid tumor biopsy methods.
"CTC, ctDNA, exosomes"
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that are free from the blood circulation system. They are an important means of tumor cell metastasis, and are also an important cause of postoperative recurrence in cancer patients. They are also important factors in triggering cancer death. As a tumor cell, CTC not only contains the DNA information of the tumor, but also contains information such as genome and proteome, and is a rich source for studying tumor tissue information.
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a tumor DNA that is free from the blood circulation system and is a small fragment of DNA released after the death of tumor cells. The main sources are necrotic tumor cells, apoptotic tumor cells, and circulating tumor cells. And efflux bodies secreted by tumor cells.
Exosomes are small vesicles through which cells are effluxed, usually tens of nanometers in diameter. The number of exosomes released by tumor cells is much higher than that of normal cells, and usually contains substances such as DNA and mRNA. Therefore, it is possible to detect not only tumor DNA but also information that is difficult to obtain by ctDNA, such as a fusion gene.
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