The pruning of apple trees in winter should be based on the principles of favorable early results, high quality, stable production, short canopy and favorable mechanization.
Determine the winter pruning method to consider the tree's age, tree vigor and other factors:
(1) Economic age
Crown expansion period: about three years after planting. The purpose of cultivation and management is to shorten the period of seedling sowing, promote the vigorous growth of the tree, and form a certain number of flower buds in the third year after planting. This period should adopt a short cut pruning method.
During the period of pressure: four or five years of birth, the curtains were filled with effective space. The greedy habits of the young trees were weakened, and the growth was consistent with the results. Generally, they were about ten years old. The purpose of cultivation and management is to control growth, form a tree, produce more fruits and more fruit, and control the saplings of the young trees (by pressing the crown of fruit) so that the growth and results are coordinated, and the auxiliary raising branches and controlling the tree height are cleaned year by year. This period should adopt long-pruning pruning method.
High-yield period: From about ten years of life, the tree tends to ease after being crowned with fruit. The main task of this period is to adjust the relationship between growth and results so that they can adapt to each other and reach the goal of high yield for successive years. In this period, we should adopt lightening and trimming.
(2) Tree vigor
It is measured by the length of the peripheral extension and the amount of branches. Moderate trees should adopt light-cut trimming; strong trees should adopt long-range trimming; weak trees should adopt heavy-cut trimming method.
Each pruning method has a suitable range of shearing volume. The long-displacement shearing volume is less than 10%; the light-cutting shearing volume is 20%, and the light-sheared shearing volume is 20%-30%; The cut-to-weight shearing method is 50%-70%, and the short-cutting shear method is 30%-40%. Within the range allowed by each pruning method, the amount of pruning is appropriately adjusted according to the following factors.
1 Variety characteristics: easy to flower varieties, such as the Golden Crown, etc. should be greater shear; species not easy to flower, such as Marshal, etc. should be smaller shear; in between the varieties, Fuji, etc. within the range of desirable shear The median value.
2 Amount of flower buds: The tree with a larger amount of flowers should have a larger amount of shear; trees with a smaller amount of flowers should have a smaller amount of shear.
3 Tree-trend balance: Tree-trend balance refers to three aspects: upper and lower balance, internal and external balance, and left-right balance, which determine the local shear. Stronger parts of the growing shear should be larger, weaker parts of the shear should be smaller.
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