There are more than 300 pests and diseases that harm the potato, but not all pests and diseases will cause serious reduction of potato production. Potato disease is mainly divided into fungal diseases, bacterial diseases and viral diseases. The potato late blight caused by fungi is the most important potato disease in the world and can occur in almost all potato growing areas. The degeneracy of seed potatoes, commonly referred to, is caused by multiple viral diseases caused by different viruses. Potato pests can be divided into above-ground pests and underground pests, among which there are mainly potato tuber moths and aphids.
I. Potato fungal diseases (I) Late blight Late blight is one of the most important fungal diseases in the main potato production areas. Its initial transmission source was adjacent potato fields or tomatoes, weeds and organic compost. To prevent and treat late blight, we must first select disease-resistant varieties; secondly, strict elimination of diseased potatoes before sowing. Once late blight infection occurs, it is generally difficult to control. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out chemical control before the late blight occurs. That is, the average temperature on the day is between 10 and 25°C, and the rain or relative humidity exceeds 90% for more than 8 hours. Four to five days after the emergence of spraying agents for prevention and treatment. 70% mancozeb WP can be used to control, the amount of 175 to 225 grams per acre, foliar spray after watering. If pesticides are not sprayed in time, plants infected with late blight disease in the field need to be treated with agents such as Rhizoctonia (also known as radommil or metalaxyl), and 25% of Rhizoctonia WP may be used per mu. ~200g, watered for foliar spray. If the disease is not controlled at one time, multiple sprayings are required at intervals of 7 to 10 days.
In addition, environmental conditions also affect the spread of late blight, which should be used to prevent tuber infections. If the aerial part of the plant is affected by late blight, it is best to cut the disease and clean up the field before harvest to prevent the harvested tubers from coming into contact with it.
(b), the use of anti-cancer disease varieties and combined with long-term rotation (5 years or longer) can prevent the occurrence of cancer diseases. Blocking infected areas and prohibiting the transfer of potatoes, especially seed potatoes, from disease-affected areas are the most effective ways to control the spread of diseases. At present, there is no chemical agent that can effectively prevent cancerous diseases.
(C), fumigation of soil with methane sodium fumigation can play a certain control effect. Choosing well-drained disease-free plots for potato cultivation or long-term rotation with pasture can significantly reduce the occurrence of this disease, and use resistant varieties and disease-free seed potatoes.
(4) Spraying organic fungicides on the leaves of early blight can reduce the spread of early blight. When the early blight is more serious, 70% mancozeb WP can be used to control 175-225 g/mu. After the water is sprayed, if it is not controlled, it needs to be sprayed several times. , about 10 days apart.
(5) Select disease-free seed potatoes for dry rot and wilt disease, treat the diced seed potatoes with chemical protectors, and chop the diced diced potato chips by 7% to 8% of bactericide powder; There is good water management and crop rotation; potatoes are not grown in plots with wilting Fusarium.
Bacterial Diseases of Potatoes (I), Bacterial Rotation is the most effective way to control races (race 3), but it is difficult for race 1 because it can infect other crops or weeds (especially eggplant Section). At present, no agents capable of effectively controlling bacterial wilt have been found.
(b) Black shank and soft rot. Avoid planting potatoes in moist soil. Do not over-irrigate. After ripening, try to harvest the tubers carefully and avoid exposure to sunlight. Tubers must be air dried before storage or transport. Some varieties are more resistant than others. At present, no chemical agents that can effectively prevent rickets and soft rot have been found.
(c) Use disease-free seed potatoes for ring rot to prevent cutters from spreading the disease.
(D) Scars maintain high soil moisture during tuber formation and expansion to ensure good potato growth. Avoid planting seedlings with sores. Avoid repeated planting of potatoes or other susceptible scab, such as red beet leaves, beets, radishes, cabbage, carrots, and European radishes (the disease has little effect on these plants). The use of anti-sore varieties is very effective in preventing and treating this disease.
By applying an acidic fertilizer or sulfur, the pH in the soil is maintained between 5 and 5.2. Avoid excessive application of lime. If necessary, use dolomite-containing lime. "Acid sore" can be controlled by using an agent, that is, 65% of mancozeb wettable powder is applied 1000 times at the beginning of the disease or 72% of agricultural streptomycin is applied at 2000 times for 2 to 3 times at an interval of 7 to 10 day. Where conditions permit (especially the production of mini-potatoes in greenhouses and net rooms) soil fumigants can be used for soil disinfection.
Third, potato virus disease (a), potato leaf rolling potato leafroll virus is the most important potato virus disease, occurs in all countries where potato cultivation, loss of susceptible varieties can be as high as 90%. It is possible to eliminate the diseased plants during seed breeding and screen healthy plants to control the potato leafroll virus. Systematic insecticides reduce the spread of the virus within the plant, but do not prevent the infection of the tapeworm from nearby fields. Potato leafroll virus is a known potato virus that can be eliminated by heat treatment. The use of virus-free seed potatoes and the cultivation of anti-roll leaf virus can effectively control the virus.
(II) Potato Y virus and A virus Potato Y virus and A virus can be controlled through asexual selection and elimination of diseased plants during the breeding of seed potatoes. The use of virus-free seed potatoes and resistant varieties is also very effective in preventing and treating the disease.
(C), Mosaic disease in the breeding process of seed potato through asexual screening and use of virus-free seed potato can prevent X virus, S virus and M virus disease occurrence. When there are obvious symptoms, it is very useful to eliminate the diseased plants. Anti-X virus species are very effective.
(D) Printing and Occidental Disease Prevention and control methods are media for the elimination of diseased plants and the use of pesticides for the elimination of viruses in the seed production process.
Fourth, the main pests of potato (a), Myzus persicae and other aphids use natural enemies of aphids as an effective biological control measure. The beetles of the coccinellidae and the wasps of the escargots feed on tapeworms. Chemical control should pay attention to avoid killing natural enemies. For example, 50% anti-inflavor WP can be used for 1000-2000 times, 20% fenvalerate vinegar 2000 times, and 40% dimethoate 1000 times for foliar spray.
(B), Thrips drought conditions conducive to the breeding of thrips, timely irrigation is an effective method of prevention and control. Foliar spraying can also be performed using a 1500-fold solution of 40% phoxim EC and 40% Dimethoate EC.
(3) Separation of potato fields from potato crops to prevent leafhoppers from infestation. Use resistant or resistant varieties or control with pesticides. Can use 20% Ye Mu San EC 100 grams per acre after spraying the leaves, or per acre with 40% Dimethoate EC 75 ~ 100 g sprayed.
(iv) Potato tuber moths can be mitigated by some farming practices, such as avoiding potato cultivation in the hottest and most dry seasons; irrigation to prevent soil from cracking to prevent moths from approaching tubers; proper soil covering tubers; using pheromone to trap and control fields Population; Use of pesticides. During the storage of tubers, in particular seed potatoes, biological agents such as Bacillus thuringiensis can be used to treat or use rod-shaped bacteria. At the same time, deworming plants, trees or lantana can protect the stored potato. Before entering the cellar, the cellar was disinfected and fumigated with 80% of dichlorvos. After soaking in a potion with a length of 0.5 meters and a width of 7 centimeters, it was hung at intervals of one meter, and the cellar door was closed. Fumigation 7- 10 days.
(5) When spotted tigers are spotted or infected in the field, insecticides can be used intensively, for example, 90% crystals of trichlorfon 800 times, 40% phoxim EC 800 times, and 2.5% fenanghin vinegar EC 2000 The twice-liquid and 5% lefluxine 2000-fold sprays are very effective in controlling 1-3 instar larvae. For larvae or adults older than 3 years of age, baits containing alfalfa, sugar, water, and insecticides can be trapped at the base of the plants at dusk.
(6) Before the potato is cultivated in the pasture area, the number of worms in the soil must be reduced by proper ploughing and crop rotation. In the case of serious damage to the golden needle, 40% phoxim EC can be used per acre 200-250 ml fine soil 25 to 30 kg, sowing seeds next to the seed potatoes.
(7) The sun and frost and the bird predation after the deep plowing of white pods. It is not easy to control by using insecticides. With 40% phoxim EC per acre 200 to 250 ml fine soil 25 to 30 kilograms, planting next to seed potatoes can play a certain control effect.
(8) Aphids should avoid warm, dry, under-irrigated and excessive use of pesticides to kill natural enemies of roundworms. When the locusts are severely chopped (up to 2-3 heads per leaf), acaricides are required. For example, the leaves are sprayed with 40% diammonium (amitraz) EC plus 1000-2000 times of water.
(9) There are many natural natural enemies in leafminer flies, and natural enemies should be protected. Adults can be trapped with sticky yellow traps. It is necessary to prevent the plants from being damaged by nearly 1/3 before flowering. If necessary, agents that are particularly effective for adults or larvae should be used. The spot sneak net sold on the market today is a very effective agent. The agent is diluted 1000-2000 times, and the dosage is 25-60 grams per mu. Application time is best in the early morning or evening, avoid spraying at sunny noon. Application interval 5 to 7 days, continuous medication 3 to 5 times, you can eliminate the damage of leaf miners.
(10) Control measures for whitefly and other whitefly should focus on restoring ecological balance and cultivating effective natural enemies of whitefly. Therefore, unnecessary use of pesticides should be avoided. It is advisable to plant corn or sorghum at the edge of the field or alternate recreation to promote the development of natural enemies for biological control. If you must fight, you should use 10% Buprofimed ECG 1000 times, 2.5% Exterpenol Versitic Lubricant 1000x, 21% Quercive EC 4000x, 2.5% Uranus EC 4000x, 2.5% KF 5000x Liquid and 20% extinguishing emulsion 200 times and other agents, which can effectively eliminate the whitefly harm.
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