At present, many orchards in China suffer from problems such as blind fertilization and improper fertilization methods, which have caused extremely adverse effects on the high quality and high yield of fruit. In particular, the orchards of high-grade fruits such as Red Fuji should be fertilized with “formulation, high efficiency, low consumption, high yield, and greenâ€.
Status and Problems of Fertilization
1 Organic fertilizer is insufficient. Most orchards have an organic matter content of 0.8% to 1.20%, and individual gardens can reach 1.2% to 1.6%. To meet the requirements for a robust and stable tree, organic matter content should be above 1.6%. 2 inappropriate proportion of fertilization. Production often pays attention to the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (compound fertilizer), ignoring the application of medium and trace elements, especially trace elements, leading to vegetative growth and reproductive growth disorder of fruit trees. 3 inappropriate amount of fertilizer. Based on experience and habitual blind fertilization, there are too few and too many fertilizers. 4 The irrational period of fertilization. Late application of basal fertilizer resulted in insufficient growth of shoots, long autumn shoots, and vigorous tree vigor. 5 improper fertilization method. If the fertilizer is too deep, the basal fertilizer is lower than the concentrated distribution layer of the roots, and the quick-acting fertilizer is easy to be lost with water; the fertilization is too close to the tree trunk or outside the outer edge of the canopy, and cannot be absorbed by the root system; the fertilizer is dispersed, the fertilizer utilization rate is low, and the waste is serious.
Optimal fertilization plan
1. Determine the amount of fertilizer. Red Fuji apple is a good quality fruit with 2500 kilograms of fruit produced per 667 square meters. 1 Absorption: The production of 2500 kg of fruit per 667 square meters requires absorption of 7.875 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus of 2.15 kg and potassium of 8 kg. 2 Soil fertility (natural supply): The medium fertility soil can provide nutrient absorption of fruit trees in proportion of nitrogen 1/3, phosphorus 1/2, and potassium 1/2, providing 2.625 kg of nitrogen and 1.075 kg of phosphorus per 667 square meters. Potassium 4 kg. 3 Fertilizer utilization: After the fertilizer is applied to the soil, part of it is absorbed, part of it is fixed, and part of it is lost. The utilization rate of nitrogen is 30%, the utilization rate of phosphorus is 30%, and the utilization rate of potassium is 40%. 4 Fertilizer amount: 667 square meters The production of 2500 kilograms of fruit requires 17 kg of pure nitrogen, 3.5 kg of pure phosphorus, and 10 kg of pure potassium. Due to unstable fertilizer quality and improper application methods, the actual amount of fertilizer can be increased by 20%. 5 Organic matter: Soil organic matter needs to be supplemented by more than 120 kilograms per 667 square meters per year.
2. Fertilization program. Soil testing and formula fertilization is the core technology of the current scientific fertilization system. Combining with the problems in fertilization and the relationship between vegetative growth and reproduction of apple trees and the characteristics of demand fertilizer, nitrogen fertilization should be “steady and medium-controlled†during fertilization. Years ago and late in life. Phosphorus is applied in the early growth stage and potassium is applied during the late growth period. Note that calcium fertilizer and trace elements should be added to achieve balanced fertilization. 1 Base fertilizer: The sooner you apply the better after harvest, apply it after thawing at the latest. The main types of fertilization are organic fertilizers, combined with available nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, fertilization, fresh chicken manure and other quality circle fertilizers over 2500 kg or Kangzhuang organic fertilizer (organic matter content 50%, NPK 7% to 10%) 320 kg, autumn type BB fertilizer (N: P: 30: 10: 5) - 50 kg. Fertilization method: dig 30 cm in depth and 40 to 50 cm in width in the form of ring-shaped grooves or strips of furrow; in sandy lands, each tree is digged into 30 to 40 cm and 4 to 8 holes of 40 to 50 cm in diameter. The bottom of the hole is covered with clay, and the base fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer are applied in the hole to form a concentrated nutrition point: 250 grams of high-quality boron fertilizer (holding boron), 7 to 10 kg of high-quality zinc sulfate and 10 to 15 kg of ferrous sulfate can be added. . 2Fertilizing fertilizer: It is applied before the end of June after bagging. The fertilization type is mainly quick-acting potash fertilizer with nitrogen fertilizer. 667 square meters Shixia type BB fertilizer (N:K ratio 15:20) 50 kg, digging depth of 18 to 20 cm strip groove or ring groove into the application, can also be applied after the shallow flood; sand land in the nutrition hole You can. 3 foliar fertilizer: before the germination spurt feng zinc 1500 times, after flowering can be sprayed after the speed of boron 1000 times 2 times. During the growth period, it can spray “Rui Green†and iron 1500 times for iron supplementation, calcium for 1500 times for calcium, and zinc for 1500 times for zinc supplementation. Spray 0.3% to 0.5% urea solution as needed. Before spraying, spray 2 to 3 times of 0.3% to 0.5% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and spray 1% urea solution after harvesting.
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