Sweet (sweet) pepper is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant in the Solanaceae sweet pepper, planting fields should be selected for convenient irrigation and drainage, high ground, good fertility of the sandy loam soil, rotation with the Solanaceae crop for more than 3 years, avoid heavy-duty.
One, site preparation
Sweet peppers are often cross-pollination crops, with natural outcrossing rates of more than 12%. Seed isolation requirements of different species between 300-500, if corn, beans, sunflower and other high-stem crops can be isolated 200-250 meters. (minimum 150 meters) before ridging, Mushi quality farmyard fertilizer 5-6 square, evenly spread in the land. Mu 20-25 kg of phosphorus diammonium + superphosphate 15-20 kg + 5-8 kg of calcium chloride, after mixing, in the middle of the ditch. Sweet (spicy) pepper because of Xishui afraid of embarrassment, in order to prevent flooding due to flooding dead roots seedlings. The ridging adopts the cultivation methods of small ridges and high ridges, and the height of the ridges is required to reach 30 cm or more to form a ladder. The reservoir is 50 centimeters long, the dry pond is 50 centimeters, and the spacing is 35 centimeters. After 3500 mu of mulching, 3500 mu is sprayed on the ridge with a small amount of Dilein and insecticide.
Second, nurture strong seedlings and nursery management
Since the drying of sweet (spicy) peppers requires the fruits to be mature, it is necessary to adopt greenhouse or greenhouse nursery and field planting methods to obtain high-yield, high-quality fruits.
1. Nursery site preparation Choose a suitable greenhouse nursery. You can also choose to build nursery sheds where the leewards are sunny, warm, and high dry. After the nursery is selected, with the use of thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil aerosol, and methyl isothiophosphate, etc., the greenhouse is strictly sterilized, insecticide-killed, etc., and the nursery greenhouse must have insulation equipment (such as straw Wait). Since 2009, 20 square feet of seedlings have been planted per mu, about 14.0 yuan per square foot of nursery land, or 260 yuan per mu for nursery expenses.
2. Prepare three nutritious soils for corn and wheat in the nutrient soil, and add a fully cooked farmyard fertilizer in a ratio of 3:1. Mix the soil thoroughly. ) At the same time, use quintozene and carbendazim to disinfect and sterilize the nutrient soil to prevent the bacteria from remaining.
3, seedbed finishing and sowing in order to cultivate strong seedlings can be used. Nutrient earth-raising seedlings are used to level and consolidate the seedbeds in the greenhouse. The seedlings are divided into 1.5-2.0-meter-wide rice dumplings. The bricks are added to the middle of the rice seedlings. The nutrition squares are sown on the ground. The prepared nutrient soil is tiled 8-10 cm. After flattening, the sweet (spicy) pepper seeds are evenly seeded with 88 cm of nutritious earth. The seeds are sown at about 2 per hole. After sowing, they are pressed gently with the fingers to cover the thickness of 0.5 cm. The sand of the river should be evenly covered with sand. Need to raise 4800 seedlings per acre, in order to save time can also be used to spread the method, finishing seedbed 10-12 m 2 / mu, evenly sow seeds and then cover the sand. General nursery sowing time should be March 15 to April 1. Nutrient bag nursery, first of all, the seedbeds planned to be planted will be divided into seedbeds according to the size of individual households placed, generally 240/1 square meter 88 cm nutrient paper bags, and 4,000/mu middle pots made of plastic bricks to start loading nutritious soils. (Nutrient paper bags need to be leveled in order to prevent post-emergence vomiting). The nutrient paper bags are required to be flat, neat, and firm, and the paper bags are arranged without any gaps. After seeding, the seedbed is covered with fine sand and is about 0.5 centimeters long. After the seedlings are irrigated, the water is poured into the bottom water and the water is poured again. The non-woven cloth is used to promote seedling emergence.
Sweet (spicy) pepper is a kind of warm crop. Seeding to the emergence of a higher temperature, generally after sowing, the greenhouse temperature of not less than 15 °C, during the day to 25-30 °C is appropriate, conducive to emergence, (in case of disaster weather, the indoor temperature is lower than 15 °C, should be set up warming Apparatus, laboratory requirements for normal germination of sweet peppers moderate temperature 28 °C). Sweet (spicy) pepper seeds can be sprouted 15-20 days after sowing. After emergence, attention should be paid to clearing at noon on sunny days in order to prevent burning of seedlings and leggy (if the temperature is too high, burning the seedlings should increase the air release and increase the irrigation, and report the seedlings in time). When the seedlings grow to 2-4 leaves, they should be promptly carried out. Weeding, seedlings, and sub-seedlings work, leaving redundant pairs of seedlings and time, leaving only one seedling per hole to facilitate strong seedlings. At the same time, the empty cavity is filled with seedlings. In order to prevent leggy seedlings, after the completion of the work of seedlings and sub-seedlings, the nursery greenhouse shall be gradually ventilated according to the outside temperature, and the seedlings shall be cultivated and the young shall be controlled. About 15 days before planting (planting began in early May), gradually increase the amount of ventilation, the transition to the night temperature of 10-15 °C does not cover. About 1 week before planting, normal temperature exercise was performed depending on the weather conditions.
Third, colonization
When planting, the soil is required to be wet and not sticky. If the soil is too dry, it should be watered 3-5 days before planting. The irrigation should be early in winter and early spring planting to ensure sufficient ground temperature. Digging holes strictly according to the line spacing, vertical and horizontal lines are all in place. The depth of the hole is the same as or slightly deeper than the height of the seedlings. When planting, the cover soil and the seedling shoots can be flush, and it is not allowed to be buried deeply to prevent the occurrence of standing and soil-borne diseases and insect pests. The film must be sealed with soil. Immediately after covering the soil, the drip irrigation pipe is fixed close to the seedling root, and the planting water is planted at the same time by 10-15 square meters/mu.
IV. Management after planting
1. After 5-7 days of temperature planting, generally do not release air, in order to promote root easing, the temperature is generally kept at 28-34°C. It should not be too high. If it exceeds 35°C, it must be ventilated and cooled. And the time of day more than 30 °C does not exceed 3 hours. After easing the seedlings, it is 2-3°C lower than that before the seedlings are slowed to promote root expansion, so that the seedlings are strong (about 5 days), and generally kept at 25-30°C. Result period: suitable temperature during the day 23-28 °C, 18-23 °C at night, ground temperature 17-25 °C, the temperature is too high, too low will affect the flowering results, but also increase the incidence of malformed fruit.
2, humidity, humidity 50-60%, soil moisture 70-80%, bogey flood irrigation, ground water should be poured. In the low-temperature and high-temperature season, ventilation and dehumidification should be strengthened as much as possible to reduce the incidence of disease. In winter and early spring, in order to reduce the humidity, two ventilations are generally used. The first time the temperature rises after sunrise, it is about 25 degrees, and about 10-11 points opens the top air outlet 10-15 centimeters. It is closed after about 10-15 minutes. The second time when the temperature of the greenhouse rises again to 25-30 degrees, about 12-13 hours, open the top vent 15-20 centimeters, close after about 20-30 minutes, especially after watering, pay more attention to ventilation .
3, water and fertilizer management (mu usage) 1 planting to the second layer during flowering, in each row adjacent two plants between the outer side, digging points or ditching fertilization once, pay attention to the depth of the hole and ditch to reach 10 cm, from the plant Also to reach 15-20 cm. Fertilizing amount: 5-8 kg of potassium nitrate per mu, 5-8 kg of ammonium phosphate, during this period can be based on soil conditions, seedlings and climate water 1-2 times, the amount of water each 3-5. 2 During flowering and fruit setting, about 15 days, fertilize with water under the membrane once, the amount of water is about 3-5. Fertilizer amount: 5 kg of ammonium nitrate, 3 kg of diammonium phosphate and 9 kg of potassium nitrate. 3 fruit development to harvest, during fruit expansion, about every 15 days under the film with water once fertilization, water amount of about 5-8 square, the amount of fertilizer: ammonium nitrate 6 kg, 3 kg of diammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate 12 kg. 4 During fruit harvesting, flowering and fruit development at this stage alternated, with fertilization once every 15 days. The amount of watering before harvesting 3-5 parties, 5-8 after harvest. Fertilizer amount: during flowering and fruit setting, 5 kg of ammonium nitrate, 3 kg of diammonium phosphate, 9 kg of potassium nitrate, fruit development until harvest, 6 kg of ammonium nitrate, 3 kg of diammonium phosphate, and 12 kg of potassium nitrate. In order to prevent the occurrence of physiological diseases and insect pests, spraying leaf surface fertilizers (Green No.1, Baolifeng, etc.) have a good effect at the seedling stage.
4. After the cultivating and weeding are carried out once, the depth should be 10cm deep. After each watering, the cultivator should be cultivated once; each time the cultivator is near the root, the purpose is to promote roots. The weeds in the shed are removed at any time to reduce the source of the disease.
5, insert and plant adjustment inserts should be carried out when the plant height is less than 20 cm, bamboo vines are located in the outside of the plant every 3-5 strains will be inserted in a row, inserts fewer plants easy to lodging, every 15-20 after insertion The centimeters are tied with a loop to help the plants grow in an orderly manner. Plant adjustment: After the bud emergence, the lateral branches below the tiller should be removed and the buds of the peppers removed; the weak branches and small branches on the main branch and the branchlets between the main branches are removed; To become weak and lose the ability to result, the branch should be removed while the fruit is removed. If the leaves in the lower part of the first branch turn yellow and lose their function, they should be promptly removed. Thinning and fruit thinning: if there are too many flowering results, some of them should be removed, and the flowering and fruiting intervals on each branch should be removed when they are gone, but they cannot be pruned or stayed; when the fruit reaches the commodity maturity standard, it should be removed in time to avoid nutrients. Consumption.
Fifth, go to miscellaneous
Sweet pepper in the seedling stage, flowering period, fruit ripening period, fruit harvesting period, staged miscellaneous and inferior. Seedling color according to the stem, flowering period according to the plant growth, leaf color, leaf shape and the position of the first fruit, internode anthocyanin, young fruit shape, mature fruit color and shape, mature fruit maturity Sex-resistance fruit shape (size, fruit type, fruit color, and ventricle) generally begin to be miscellaneous, inferior, and insistent, and it is impossible to pull out and pull out.
VI. Pest Control
Sweet (spicy) pepper diseases and pests are more serious, affecting yield, in order to strive for high yield, high quality should pay attention to pest control work.
1. After the soil is treated with phoxim before the ground pests, earthworms, golden needles and small ground tigers do not generally occur. When the seedlings occur, they can be sprayed with 90% dichlorvos or 75% phoxim 2000-3000 times, and can also be mixed with methyl isoflunisal mixed bran, sesame oil and bait.
2. The pests on the ground that are harmful to sweet and hot peppers are mainly locusts, red spiders, cotton bollworms, etc. They can be sprayed with methylisothiphos, 40% dimethoate, and 20% dicofol to kill insects.
3. Disease control Diseases of sweet (spicy) peppers during the whole growing period include: viral diseases, anthrax, epidemic diseases, bacterial wilt, sunburn, and umbilical rot. Due to different diseases, prevention is the main and integrated prevention and treatment. Virus disease should pay attention to the early control of aphids, eliminating transmission media, pest control and treatment. Umbilical rot and sunburn disease are physiological diseases on the fruit. Umbilical rot is caused by the uneven supply of sweet (spicy) pepper due to uneven water supply. Regular calcium supplementation is required for the plant. Irrigation should be shallow irrigation and ground irrigation, and it should not be over drought. Onset of burn disease can promote plant development, early ridge closure, not topping, leaving more leaves to cover the fruit to prevent burning.
Seven, fruit harvest
Green ripe: The main criteria are color and hardness. The green ripe fruit has a dark green color, the surface is glossy, and the handle is hard. Red-cooked: The coloring area, hardness and gloss shall prevail. Generally, more than 95% of the color must be changed. The surface is smooth and the handle is hard. During harvesting, the fruit of one plant body must not be harvested at one time to prevent serious reduction in production, and the harvest should be strictly conducted according to mature standards. Selection of fruit should generally be reserved for fine green ripening fruits at the beginning and end of the pepper period. Each plant should have 1-2 fruits per layer, no more than 3-4, and can not concentrate too much on one branch, yielding red and yellow ripe fruit. The proportion of the total output is 20-30%, which should not be too large under normal circumstances.
Pepper cultivation
I. Variety selection
There are many varieties of bell peppers. Green color red bell peppers include McCabe (Israel), Red Susan (Netherlands), Indo-Asian, Youte, Red Star, etc.; Purple is a red bell pepper with beautiful purple, noble (Netherlands) , Purple Star, etc.; yellow colored pepper with lemon yellow, gold Hui, Huang O Bao (Netherlands), topaz, yellow stars, etc.; ivory white pepper with Senna, white princess (Netherlands), umbrella wheat and so on. Citrus fruit (Netherlands) is a square fruit with greenish-yellow fruit and the most antiviral disease. Since the color pepper is a cross-pollination crop, the natural hybridization rate is about 10%, so only one color variety can be planted in the same shed. These colorful peppers are bright in color, flesh-thick, disease-resistant, resistant to storage and transportation, delicious in taste, suitable for both cooked and uncooked food, and have excellent commercial properties. Fruit weight 150-180 grams. Mengyang Township and Yuecun Township, Hualong District, Xiangyang City are planted more.
Second, the cultivation season
The use of greenhouse pepper cultivation, suitable for the region sowing seedlings longer period, can be planted in early July to early September seedlings, planting in early September to early November, octagonal in early October, in late October cover blanket protection From mid-November to early January of next year, it will enter harvesting period and continue harvesting until June-July. The determination of the sowing date can be determined flexibly according to market demand and greenhouse crops.
Third, greenhouse management
1. In order to promote the growth of plants, timely pruning and condolence shall be carried out by removing the “door pepper†and the “four mothers†peppers shall be sedentary. After adopting the double stem pruning method, the other tillers shall be removed, and the hanging branches shall be timely, with two ropes per plant.
2, pay attention to fertilizer and water management to promote the main early, do not seedlings, drought and watering. After flowering and setting fruit, it is necessary to water and topdressing, generally 666.7 square meters of vegetable special compound fertilizer is 15~20 kg. After every 15 days or so, spraying, top dressing and watering once. In combination with fertilization, foliar fertilizer is sprayed every 7 to 10 days. Dihydrogen phosphate, urea, boron, magnesium fertilizer can be. To increase the fruit setting rate, 4010~6 tomato spirits can be used to spray flowers and fruits.
3. The first fruit of timely fruiting and fruiting is mainly listed on the 10th day before the Spring Festival. For three varieties of McCormick, Huang Obao, and Orange, each fruit can have 4 to 6 fruits at a time; Zigui and Baizhu Can stay 6~8. After a few fruits, according to the growing trend of the plant and the market conditions, it is flexible to take care to avoid leaving too much fruit.
4, temperature and humidity, light management as far as possible through the shading prevailing cooling, before the end of December, to adjust the temperature and strong predominance, grass cover uncovered on the basis of temperature, keep 23 ~ 28 °C during the day, 18 ~ 23 °C at night . From late December to early February, insulation is the main theme. During the daytime, the temperature is kept at 25~28°C. During the night, heat is kept as much as possible. A layer of film is covered on the grasshopper, so that the minimum temperature is not lower than 12°C to promote color turning. After mid-February, the temperature rose, keeping 25~30°C during the day, 15~18°C during the night, and gradually increased ventilation. The relative humidity of the air in the shed should be kept at about 65%. In the deep winter, to control the watering, if the drought really needs watering, even if drip irrigation, one can not be too much to avoid excessive humidity; the floor of the walkway can be covered with a plastic film, or covered with ash and hay (to be sterilized). The color pepper does not require strict lighting time. The early shading reduces the light intensity. During the deep winter, the light intensity and illumination time are increased as much as possible.
5, fertilizer and water management points When the base fertilizer is adequate, the first time after the fruit in the door, the first top dressing, 15 kg of urea per 667 square meters, 10 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, after the fruit set, then chase a fat. The color pepper harvesting period can be harvested once for each stage of harvesting a fertilizer and watering, and the amount of topdressing fertilizer is 15 kg of ammonium sulfate per 667 square meters. In terms of water management, it is necessary to control the watering in the deep winter season. After mid-February, the temperature rises and the evapotranspiration of the plants increases, which increases the number of watering operations.
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