Why can the dry spreader bed be effective?
Piglet diarrhea is a syndrome of digestive tract dysfunction. Usually, the symptoms of feces containing more than 80% of water content are called diarrhea. The disease significantly reduced the growth of piglets and increased the feed rate per unit weight gain. In China's large-scale pig farms, there are widespread piglet diarrhea phenomenon, resulting in reduced piglet survival rate, increased mortality, poor weight gain, feed conversion rate, and the pig industry has brought huge economic losses.
Sucking occurs in all age-old piglets, but occurs in 3 stages, that is, from birth to 3 days of age, 7 to 14 days of age, and a period of time after weaning. It can happen that different pig farms only have different morbidity and diarrhea severity.
Causes of piglet diarrhoea The causes of piglet diarrhoea are manifold and are now analyzed based on the two different types of diarrhoea, infectious and noninfectious. 1. Infectious diarrhea refers to diarrhea caused by pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc.), of which the diarrhea caused by E. coli is the most common.
1.1. E. coli Infected animals carry the bacteria under normal conditions, but do not develop the disease. When the body is subjected to adverse external environmental stimuli, gastrointestinal function disorders, and dysbacteriosis of the intestinal flora, E. coli colonizes and reproduces, resulting in pathogenic effects. E. coli infection can cause piglet blight, piglet jaundice and edema disease. Piglets White lice are characterized by milky white, off-white or green-white paste-like soft urine that discharges piglets with a special odor, sometimes with spitting. Piglet jaundice is characterized by the discharge of piglets with stench odor and yellow paste-like soft stools or yellow translucent loose stools. Piglets' yellow and white fleas occur in small day-old piglets. Swine edema disease, also known as gastrointestinal edema, is an acute sporadic disease in piglets before and after weaning. The main manifestations are sudden onset, ataxia, convulsions, local or generalized paralysis, and head edema, especially for robust pigs. disease.
1.2. Infectious gastroenteritis and porcine epidemic diarrhea These two diseases are difficult to distinguish clinically. To accurately identify them, immunological tests are required. Infectious gastroenteritis is caused by a coronavirus, and swine epidemic diarrhea is caused by coronaviruses. Pigs of all ages can occur. The incidence of piglets is more serious. The incidence of pigs and pigs is lower in middle and large pigs, especially in winter. In spring, the pig farms where piglets are intensively intensively hatched have a high mortality rate (50%) and morbidity, which is a fatal blow to the pig industry.
The typical clinical symptoms of piglets after illness are sudden vomiting, sharp watery diarrhoea, yellowish, light green or grayish white, undigested curd mass, slightly elevated body temperature or no change, and rapid dehydration of the sick pigs. Loss of weight, apathy, rough coats, reduced sucking capacity or even stop sucking, trembling, loss of appetite or anorexia, onset of infection from 12 to 24 hours after infection, death from 2 to 5 days of age, mortality rate of piglets below 1 week of age reaching 50 %, Piglets after recovery have slow weight gain, lag behind growth, and even become small dead pigs without breeding value.
Second, there is porcine rotavirus disease, piglets will be discharged after the paste yellowish white or dark gray loose stools, the incidence rate of 80% to 100%, the mortality rate of more than 50%, if the secondary bacterial infection, the mortality rate will be greatly increase.
1.3. Coccidiosis Coccidiosis is a serious disease in modern pig farms, especially in pig farms raised on high-density concentrated ground or slats. Generally, the incidence is high from July to October, and piglets from 6 to 14 days old are easy to be affected. Infection, the clinical symptoms of excretion of tan or gray paste feces, 1 to 2 days later become watery stools, and soon dehydration and death. Sporozoites are most harmful to pigs. Adult pigs are carriers of coccidiosis. They have immunity but do not develop disease, but they can periodically discharge eggs to pollute the environment and infect piglets.
2. Non-infectious diarrhea
2.1. Causes of Feeding With the intensification of feeds and the scientific requirements for compound feeds, the requirements for compound feeds are becoming higher and higher. If feed ratios are improper or feeds are not hygienic, they often cause piglets to squat. To sum up, there are the following points:
1 Sows diets with high protein levels cause piglets to squat. The protein level of piglet feed mainly depends on the energy level of the feed and the digestibility of nutrients in the feed. Due to the limitations of animal protein feed in feed ingredients in China, coupled with the restrictions on feeding and management, the protein level in the feed may not be too high. Otherwise it can cause nutritional diarrhoea in piglets. In the actual production process, when the proportion of plant protein feed such as soybean meal in piglet feed is greater than 20%, piglets can often cause diarrhea.
2 There are antinutritional factors in the piglet diet, such as antitrypsin factor list, phytic acid, α-amylase inhibitors and phytic acid prothrombin, which can easily lead to indigestion of piglets and lead to diarrhea. These anti-nutritional factors are mainly found in improperly processed plant materials.
3 Feed contains unexpanded plant protein, easy to produce antigens, induce diarrhea.
4 Iron deficiency anemia in piglets can also cause diarrhea. Iron has a physiological defense function. In addition to running iron, transferrin has the role of preventing infectious diseases in the body. Lactoferrin in milk or white blood cells can bind free iron ions into complexes in the intestine to prevent the use of E. coli. The use of Lactobacillus is important for preventing diarrhea in newborn animals. According to data, piglets' immunity can be improved by injecting or oral iron supplementation into newborn piglets.
5 feed rancid or spoilage. The source of feed is unknown, improper storage, unhygienic or expired, and the feed contains aflatoxins, bacteria, viruses and other toxins.
6 The feed has high salt content.
7 feed pH is irrational (should be controlled between 5.8 ~ 6.4 more reasonable). In weaned piglets, due to the halting of the source of breast milk and the incomplete secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, the pH in the stomach is increased, resulting in imbalance of colonies and changes in digestive enzyme activity in the digestive tract, which reduces the digestibility of feed protein, resulting in the occurrence of diarrhea. . There is a new perspective on the reason of the early weaning piglets' diarrhea. It is believed that the piglets are allergic to dietary antigens and induce diarrhea is also an important primary factor.
2.2. The pig farm has poor sanitation conditions. For example, the pig manure in the pig house is not thoroughly cleaned, and the old pig house is not used for thorough disinfection and cleaning. It is used to raise piglets and the polyculture of different day-old pigs is carried out in the same pig house.
The temperature and humidity in the pig house are unreasonable and the ventilation is poor; the epidemic prevention system is not perfect and all-in and all-out systems are not adopted.
2.3. Mistakes in pig management Sows are over-fed at the time of farrowing. Sows are over fed prenatally or post-natally. Sows change their feed or change feeding methods during the last few days of pregnancy and during farrowing. Sows are constipated. Sow fever, such as uterus or mastitis, not only raises the sow's body temperature, but also releases toxins, resulting in piglets not eating colostrum post-partum, piglet troughs or water devices being dirty, and piglets feeding stuffy or not. Unhygienic conditions can cause diarrhea.
2.4. Gastrointestinal microecological imbalances: The main reason is improper use of antibiotics, or other factors that make the gastrointestinal microflora unbalanced, leading to piglet diarrhoea.
Second, the prevention and treatment of piglets piglets after the onset of drug treatment should be promptly, the main treatment principle is to find out the cause of the disease.
1. If it is bacterial, susceptibility testing should be done and antibiotic drugs should be given. It can also be treated with herbs such as garlic. If the treatment effect is not obvious, there may be secondary infections, and the diagnosis must be re-evaluated.
2. If it is viral, you need to do a good job of immunization and control bacterial infections such as E. coli. Give your piglets antibiotics or antibiotics.
3, if it is coccidiosis, the need to use sulfa drugs, such as feeding to the piglets anti-coccidial drugs such as ammonia, early use of the effect is ideal. Control of coccidiosis should start with the hygiene of the farrowing facilities and the treatment of the sows before the farrowing.
4. If it is caused by improper feeding and management, it is necessary to improve the feeding and management level in a timely manner. If we do a good job on the farm's environmental hygiene, especially the hygiene of the delivery room, ensure that the temperature, humidity, and ventilation in the house meet the needs of the piglets, do a good job of disinfection and epidemic prevention, and adopt all-in and all-out production methods, all can achieve better preventive effects.
5, due to the diarrhea caused by feed, you should pay attention to the improvement of feed, strengthen the sow's nutrition, select high-quality piglet feed, remove feed moldy, deterioration and rancidity of feed ingredients, reduce the content of salt in feed, reduce maturation Poor levels of soybean meal can be avoided if the amount of soybean meal is too low. In general, the proper addition of whey powder in the feed is more effective, and sharing with the acidifier can reduce the incidence of diarrhea and increase the weight gain of piglets. Whey powder has good palatability and can increase the feed intake of piglets. On the other hand, whey powder can be converted into lactic acid in the digestive tract, reduce the pH value in the digestive tract, and control the reproduction of harmful bacteria in the intestinal tract. Do not add excessive amounts of acidifying agent to the piglet feed. If the feed is too acidic, it will affect the palatability of the feed and reduce the feed intake and weight gain of the piglet.
At the same time, regardless of the cause of the diarrhea, should be assisted treatment, ban feeding 24 ~ 36h (can not help but water), add water, electrolytes, energy, astringent, sodium bicarbonate injection (acidosis relief), anti-allergy drugs And vitamins (especially vitamin C) and so on. Practice has shown that due to vitamin malnutrition caused by diarrhea, piglets appear rough hair, loss of luster, death, weight loss, feed conversion rate is reduced, so add enough vitamins in the feed, is very beneficial to the prevention and treatment of diarrhea in piglets. Once onset, the cure will take some time, and it will bring greater economic losses to the swine industry. Therefore, it is necessary to prescribe the right medicine for the treatment so that there is no disease early prevention and there is a disease early treatment.
Third, the dry-sweeping fermentation bed "stopping phlegm" mechanism causes many causes of piglets diarrhea, but also more complex, there are pathogenic infections, such as E. coli, viruses, coccidia, etc.; with feeding and management, such as the health conditions of pig farms Poor, piggery temperature, humidity is not reasonable, poor ventilation, etc.; there are feed reasons, such as feed rancidity, feed mix is ​​not reasonable, feed contains bacteria, toxins and other harmful substances.
So why dry spreader bed can effectively reduce the incidence of diarrhea? And can it be effective? Mainly because of the following reasons:
1. Improved environmental conditions Traditional cement ground culture has long-term growth of pigs on hard ground. Excreta and urine are excreted. The flushing of excreta water causes the ground to be cold and ice cold. The temperature is low, humidity is high, and the cement ring is added. They are all surrounded by high-ceiling concrete partitions. The ventilation is very bad. A large amount of harmful gases accumulate in the circle, which has a great impact on pigs. Because of the physiological characteristics of piglets, it is easy to have symptoms of diarrhea, and then use dry spreading. Fermentation bed culture has greatly changed this phenomenon, decomposing urine in situ, changing the phenomenon of foul odor and dampness, improving sanitary conditions, and the temperature of the bed surface is always 20 degrees, avoiding the temperature fluctuations. The emergency, just suitable for the growth of pigs, pay attention to the importance of ventilation in the structure of the fermentation bed, in the structure of four windows is complete, in itself, when the concentration of harmful gases is greatly reduced when harmful gases are eliminated, to create a good environment for pigs. , so it can effectively reduce the risk of diarrhea.
2. Cut off the source of infection, improve the phenomenon of foul odor in the cement ring before the resistance to disease, breed a large number of flies and mosquitoes, harmful pathogenic bacteria, etc. The mosquitoes and flies fly everywhere, it is easy to infect and carry pathogens, pigs in this condition, In particular, piglets are very prone to disease, and the dry-sparing fermentation bed decomposes the manure into fermentation for a few days, cutting off the generation and transmission of germs, and the temperature of the core layer of the fermentation bed itself is high, continuous fermentation and decomposition, and beneficial bacteria in pigs. The environment occupies a dominant position.
3. Fermentation bed breeding gives the pig a reasonable physiological space. It is free on the fermentation bed and its density is lower than that of traditional culture. As a result, there is less stress and it is a new type of welfare pig raising, and there is less chance of natural squatting.
4, we need to supplement the trace elements we all know, the cement ring ground can not provide the trace elements required for pigs, can only be supplemented by feed or injection preparation methods, and dry-settling bed culture mode using microorganisms, various The litter disintegrates the feces and urine while increasing the amount of microelements and trace elements, such as pig iron. Therefore, the fermentation bed can not only decompose fecal urine, but also provide a supply base for pig nutrients, so avoid the emergence of nutritional deficiency. Diarrhea.
5, the addition of beneficial bacteria in the intestine to change the phenomenon of microbial imbalance This role is also the reason why some piglets are transferred to the fermentation bed without squatting, mainly because: With the development of microorganisms, feed generally have added probiotics or microbial agents , It plays an important role in improving the immune function of pigs, promoting growth, regulating the microecological balance of the intestine, etc. There are also pigs fed with fermented feeds. These have beneficial microorganisms at work, and they are used in dry-sweeping fermentation bed cultivation litter. There are a large number of beneficial microorganisms, and a large number of beneficial growth-promoting immune factors such as mycelial proteins are produced during the process of decomposing fecal urine, and they are entered into the intestine during the arching of pigs, which plays an important role in rapidly restoring microecological balance. The effect is to effectively stop the growth of pigs while effectively promoting the growth of pigs.
Fourth, the use of dry-type fermentation bed breeding attention issues
1. Pigs need to be properly sterilized. Immune control of pig disease, prevention, and prevention and control are combined. Therefore, disinfection farms are indispensable to cut off the source of infection. Many pig farmers have been afraid to use conventional disinfectants for fermentation beds. Disinfecting, for fear of affecting the ability of microorganisms to cause deathbeds, on this issue, the Daxing District Animal Health Supervision Administration and Beijing Agricultural Vocational College have conducted relevant experiments. Experiments have shown that the disinfectants only have a temporary effect on the fermentation bed surface and recover in 48 hours. To more than 70%, 30cm below the bed basically no effect, can be properly disinfected. It must also be vaccinated according to its own immunization procedure to prevent the pig from being unable to control once the disease has occurred.
2, the fineness of litter and moisture padding generally use old sawdust, non-toxic harmless and mildew-free, fresh sawdust must be sun exposure disinfection, moisture control at about 15%, dry bed when making fermentation bed, "5 layers The 4 layers of padding agent is very simple, and the thickness of various kinds of padding is combined. The final fineness is better, so as not to affect the breathing of the pig.
3. It is very important to carry out routine maintenance on the maintenance and management of the fermentation bed. According to the accumulation of excrement and urine, the humidity of the litter is turned, and the dry and wet ones are moved to each other, so that the fermentation bed can function stably for a long time so as to avoid the humidity being too high. The phenomenon of bad beds, such as blisters, caused the microorganisms in the fermentation bed to fail.
4. Ventilation ventilation is not only important for traditional breeding, but also very important for the normal operation of the fermentation bed. Ventilation can remove excess moisture and harmful gases from outside the house, regulate the humidity and climate environment in the housing, and make the pig live. In a fresh air environment, the fermentation bed runs normally.
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