The main pest control of sorghum and the influence of light and fertilizer on its growth
Although there are many kinds of pests and diseases in sorghum, head smut is the main disease affecting high sorghum and high yield in China, and it is most seriously affected in Northeast China and North China. So how to prevent and control sorghum smut and other pests and diseases? And see the detailed analysis below.
1. Why do some sorghum long Umi (silk smut)
The sorghum long glutinous rice is caused by the smut of the smut in the soil, and the germination produces a double-nuclear infested silk, which invades the seedlings and spreads later, and occurs in the inflorescence. After sorghum infection, the plants showed shorter dwarfs and the sorghum young ears were finer. The diseased ear began to swell before the flag leaf was released, and it was white with a stick when it was young. In the early stage, only the upper part of the diseased ear was exposed in the flag leaf. The spores of the pathogen are piled up in the inflorescence and infect the entire inflorescence. In the initial stage, there is a white silk with a film on the outside. When it matures, it becomes a large gray bag. When the outer film breaks, the spores of the bacteria become black powder. Then the black powder fell off, leaving a bundle of black silk like hair, so called silk smut, commonly known as "Umi."
2. How to prevent and control sorghum smut (Umi)
Head smut (Umi) is an important sorghum disease all over the world and one of the main diseases affecting the development of sorghum production in China. In order to reduce the damage of silk smut to sorghum production, appropriate control measures should be taken according to the situation. The main methods to prevent the following smut:
2.1 Selection of resistant varieties.
The selection of sorghum-resistant sorghum varieties is the most simple and effective, effective and pollution-free control measures, and is also the first choice for the majority of sorghum growers.
2.2 Rotation.
Rotation can reduce the pathogenicity of the head smut in the soil and control silk smut more effectively.
2.3 Seed treatment.
Seed dressing with fungicides such as carbendazim and triadimefon can greatly reduce the incidence.
2.4 Seeding at the right time.
During the period from germination to emergence, the sorghum is most susceptible to smut if the temperature is low. Therefore, timely seeding according to soil moisture and temperature can effectively reduce the incidence of smut. Generally, in the 5cm plough layer, the ground temperature can be stably reached above 15 °C for sowing. At the same time, the application of fertilizer-free agricultural fertilizer, shallow cover soil, is conducive to emergence.
2.5 Handle diseased plants in time.
Before the outer membrane of the diseased ear has not broken, the diseased plant should be pulled out as soon as possible. The sooner the better, once the immediate treatment is found, the diseased plant will be deeply buried in time to prevent the spread of the bacteria. Sticking to large-scale removal of diseased plants for 2 to 3 years can basically control the occurrence of silk smut.
3. Sorghum major pests and control measures
The main pests frequently occurring in China's sorghum production areas are high aphids, mites, armyworms, underground pests, etc., which will reduce production by about 15%, and reduce production by more than 30% in severe cases. In addition to the selection of disease-resistant varieties, timely and appropriate chemical control should be a guarantee for stable production and income.
3.1 armyworms.
The armyworm is a gluttony pest that has a wide surface and is harmful. It should be prepared for insects and used to kill the 3rd instar. Individual residual large larvae can be artificially killed. For the control of armyworms, pyrethroid pesticides should be used.
3.2 Locust.
Corn borer is a major pest that has emerged in recent years. Drilling holes in sorghum stems causes the upper and lower parts of the plant to break, fall or turn around, which has a great impact on yield. The prevention and treatment method is to kill the granule insecticide at the end of the heart leaf, such as octane granules.
3.3 Locust.
Sorghum is the most serious pest of sorghum, and it is also a spreader of many diseases. Every year from July to August, sorghum picks up the flag----the heading----flowering is the peak period of damage, and the prevention and treatment is not timely, which can lead to no heading, abortion, plant death, or even rejection. The high aphid breeds fast, and must pay attention to the field insects. It is best to control the "wolf honey" once. The control of aphids is mainly based on the use of inulin pesticides and dimethoate.
3.4 Underground pests.
Underground pests such as cockroaches and cockroaches are extremely harmful in the seedling stage of sorghum, which seriously affects the rate of seedlings. The control of underground pests is usually done with phoxim or dimethoate or poisonous valley. Generally, 100 grams of the drug is mixed with 15 kilograms of bait.
4. What effect does light have on the growth and development of sorghum?
Sorghum is a short-term sunshine crop, and the critical sunshine length (photoperiod) is 10 hours. The sensitive period of the photoperiod is about 15~20d after emergence. Therefore, for the sensitive period of the light-sensitive period, about 15~20 days after emergence (after the 5-leaf stage), about 10 days of short-day sunshine shading for 10 days, it is necessary to have normal development and maturity under long-day sunshine. In the case of short daylight treatment, the effect is better if it can be assisted by the corresponding nighttime low temperature. Once the sensitive period of the photoperiod is passed, the length of sunshine will be changed later, and the length of sunshine will no longer be reflected. Light intensity has a great influence on the growth and development of sorghum. Insufficient long-term illumination of the ear, affecting the number of spikes, has no adverse effect on 1000-grain weight. The florets at the base of the ear are more responsive to insufficient light than the florets in other parts. Therefore, insufficient light or rainy rain during the booting stage can cause basal panicle dysplasia and a bald neck phenomenon. If sufficient light is obtained during the grain filling period, the increase in grain weight can compensate for the decrease in the number of grains. The function of the functional leaves in the late growth period is declining, requiring higher light intensity to maintain a higher photosynthetic rate. Therefore, it is clear and cloudless, and sunshine is sufficient, which is conducive to grain filling, and cloudy and illuminating will increase the reduction of leaf function. Not only the light intensity, but also the wavelength of the river has an effect on the growth of sorghum. In the red light, the internodes are shorter, while in the far red light, the internodes are longer, and the red light inhibits the differentiation of the panicles.
5. What effect does fertilizer have on the growth and development of sorghum?
In the sorghum juvenile, not only the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other elements is relatively small, but also the absorption of various elements is also different. In addition, different species have different absorption ratios for various elements. This amount of demand can be substantially satisfied if the base fertilizer or seed fertilizer is applied at the time of sowing. Excessive nitrogen in the early stages of fertility can have adverse effects. The phosphorus absorbed by the seedlings from the soil is mainly water-soluble phosphorus. Phosphorus has a significant effect on plant growth, such as plant height, leaf speed and leaf area, from the early stage of growth. Therefore, it ensures that there is sufficient phosphorus in the soil and plants in the seedling stage, and the growth of the later stage is It is important.
The period of jointing and booting is the period of the fastest absorption of nutrients, the largest amount of absorption, and the highest utilization rate of fertilizer, which is the first peak of fertilizer absorption. This period is the critical period of nitrogen nutrition. The application of nitrogen fertilizer at jointing (start of ear differentiation) is more effective. Adequate phosphorus supply during jointing and booting increased the leaf area per plant, fresh weight per plant, root number and plant height. When the supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the jointing and booting period is good, it will help to form more grain yield.
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