Apple tree pruning in winter can be divided into short cutting, thinning, long growing, and shrinking according to different purposes.
First, short. Short cuts are mostly used to flesh up strong branches, and have local stimulating effects on the growth of branches. They can increase branching, shorten the axis of branches, and promote the germination of the underside of the cut, which is conducive to regeneration and rejuvenation. The degree of short cut is different, and the response is different. Within a certain range, the heavier the short cut, the stronger the local branching. According to the degree of short cut, it can be divided into light short cut, medium short cut, heavy short cut and extremely heavy short cut. In addition to the above-mentioned short-cut form, hat-trimming is commonly used in production, which also belongs to the scope of short-cut.
Wear caps in spring and autumn shoots: Leave 1 or 2 times above the junction of the spring and autumn shoots (blind joints). Full-length shorts are called live caps, which are suitable for weak branches. Moderate cuts at the base of autumn shoots are called dead caps. Yu Qiangwang can promote the emergence of middle and short branches in the lower part.
Long-release branches wear caps: After slow release, sometimes only the top buds germinate, and the lower part is bare, or the top buds germinate at the same time as the lower leaves and short fruit branches. The effect of pruning with a hat is better, that is, the strong branch leaves 1 to 2 obvious buds on the wheel mark at the junction of the biennials.
Second, sparse branches. Sparse branches should be suitable due to the tree's vigor. Young trees should thin out long branches, competitive branches, and upright branches on the back; senescent trees should focus on thinning, staggered branches, overlapping branches, concomitant branches, peripheral development branches, and ground contact branches. Dry branches, diseased branches. When thinning the branches, the cut should be flat, leaving no crickets and piles, and the sawn surface should be small. Generally, the upper part of the wound is required to be level with the mother branch, and the lower part is slightly protruded and slightly inclined, which is conducive to wound healing. After thinning, the wound should be applied with a fungicide or a protective agent.
Third, long release. Long-growing is suitable for branches with a certain spatial position, and the use of flat, oblique branches and mediocre branches is better, and it is easy to form short or medium fruit branches. Competitive branches, upright branches, and long branches should not be allowed to grow. Otherwise, they tend to grow thicker, often causing "long trees on trees," or no distinction between majors and minors, unknown levels, and noisy subjects. Long release must be combined with thinning and shrinking, and overdense branches should be removed in time. After long release, the cultivated branch group should be retracted in time.
Fourth, retreat. Shortening of branches more than two years old is called retraction. After the young shears are released, the branch is relaxed, the number of short branches is large, and a large number of flower buds are formed. When the branch group is too high, it should be gradually retracted to make it firm and compact, improve the growth and fruiting ability of the branch group, and avoid wind and shade. Other shoots grow. Retraction of some temporary branches and transitional branches in time can compact the branches and avoid the impact on the backbone branches. Perennial drooping and weak branches, lengthy branches and ground-contact branches can be lifted up and retracted in time to shorten the nutrient transportation distance and raise the angle of the branches, which is conducive to restoring growth power. The retreat of the main branch should not be too heavy. It should adopt the method of giving the bigger one for the smaller one, which will affect the retraction of one section. Forcible retraction is prone to local reactions, which stimulates germination of a large number of shoots. After retraction, the germinated branches are cleaned in time. The regenerative retraction must adopt the method of raising first, and then retreating. After the branches are rejuvenated, they should be retracted in time, otherwise the shrinkage will be weaker after the year.
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