Corn is mainly used as feed for grain, economy, and feed. Corn stalk is also an important production resource for industry and agriculture. As a resource, corn stalks are rich in nutrients and available chemical components that can be used as feed for animal husbandry. For a long time, corn stalks were one of the raw materials for livestock's main roughage. The results of laboratory tests showed that corn stalks contain more than 30% carbohydrates, 2% to 4% protein, and 0.5% to 1% fat, and can be either silaged or fed directly. For herbivores, a net weight gain of 2 kg of corn stover is equivalent to 1 kg of corn kernels, especially after silage, yellow storage, ammoniation, and saccharification. The utilization rate will increase, and the benefits will be even more impressive. According to research and analysis, the digestive energy contained in corn stalks is 2 235.8 kJ/kg, and it is rich in nutrients, and the total energy is equivalent to that of pasture. The fine processing of corn stalks and the production of highly nutritious livestock feed are not only beneficial to the development of animal husbandry, but also have good ecological and economic benefits through the straw returning to the fields.
Corn stalk feed processing technology is the use of mechanical engineering, biological and chemical techniques to complete the process of harvesting, feed processing, storage, transportation, feeding and other processes from corn stalks. In recent years, with the rapid development of China's animal husbandry, new technologies for straw feed processing are also emerging. In addition to feeding directly as feed, corn stalks now have a variety of physical, chemical, biological and other processing technologies in the actual application to achieve a centralized and large-scale processing, and open up new ways of feed utilization.
1 Maize straw silage processing technology
It belongs to biological treatment technology and is the main mode of utilization of corn straw feed in Shandong Province. The technology is to harvest the corn during the ripening period through silage harvesting machinery to complete chopping, collecting, or artificial harvesting. The green corn stalks are crushed to 1 to 2 cm in length, so that the water content is 67% to 75%. In a cellar, a cylinder, a tower, a pool and a plastic bag, the compacted and sealed storage artificially creates an anaerobic environment, which naturally uses lactic acid bacteria for anaerobic fermentation to produce lactic acid, so that most of the microorganisms stop breeding, and lactic acid bacteria continue to accumulate due to lactic acid. Finally, it was controlled by the lactic acid produced by itself to stop the growth, so as to maintain the nutrition of the green straw and make the silage with a slight fruity aroma. The livestock are more like to eat.
2 Maize straw micro-processing technology
This is also a biological treatment method. The corn stalks are chopped and the length is 5-8cm for raising cattle and 3-5cm for raising sheep. The pigs need to be crushed, so that it is easy to compact and improve the utilization rate of micro-pits and ensure the storage of materials. The production quality. The container can be selected from cement silos or crypts similar to silage or ammoniation, with a plastic film on the bottom and surrounding, and small-volume production cylinders or plastic bags, vats, etc. The water content of straw is controlled at 60%-70%. Microbial active strains are added to the straw to make the corn straw become a feed with acid, fragrant and alcoholic taste. Micro-storage is a method of using microorganisms to degrade and convert cellulose and hemicellulose in corn stover into bacterial proteins, which is also a trend for the use of crude fiber in the future.
3 Maize straw yellow storage technology
This is a method of using microbes to treat dry corn stalks. The corn mash is crushed to 2 ~ 4cm, into the tank, add appropriate amount of warm water stuffy 2d. Dry stalks of livestock do not like to eat, the utilization rate is not high, after the yellow, sour, sweet, crisp, soft, livestock love, the utilization rate can be increased to 80% -95%.
4 Maize straw ammoniation processing technology
Ammonification is the most practical method of chemical treatment. The straw is first cut into 2 to 3 cm long, the water content of the straw is adjusted to about 30%, and 100 kg of straw is mixed with 5 to 6 kg of urea or 10 to 15 kg of ammonium bicarbonate to 25 to 30 kg of water. Stir and evenly prepare urea or ammonium carbonate aqueous solution, or add 12-15kg of 15% ammonia water per 100kg of roughage. Layered compaction, layer by layer spray ammoniation agent, and finally sealed, at 25 °C -30 °C under 7d ammoniation can be opened, so that ammonia volatilize net feed. Ammoniated straw feed is commonly produced by stacking and ammoniating furnaces. Ammoniated corn stalks can increase crude fiber digestibility, increase crude protein, and contain a large amount of amine salts. Ammonium salt is a good nutrient source for stomach microbes of ruminants in cattle and sheep. Ammonia itself is an alkalizing agent, which can increase the utilization of crude fiber and increase nitrogen. Feeding cattle and sheep after ammoniating of corn stalks can not only reduce the consumption of concentrate feed, but also accelerate the growth of cattle and sheep.
5 Maize straw alkalization processing technology
This is also a chemical treatment method. Alkaline treatment of corn stover with a basic compound can open alkali ester-labile ester bonds in cell molecules and expand fibers, which facilitates the infiltration of animal's gastric juice and improves livestock's Feed digestibility and feed intake.
Alkaline treatment mainly includes sodium hydroxide treatment, liquid nitrogen treatment, urea treatment and lime treatment. Taking the example of lime with a wide range of sources and low prices, 100 kg of water plus 1 kg of quick lime are continuously agitated until they are clarified, and the supernatant is taken. The ratio of 1:3 of the solution and feed is stirred in the cylinder and compacted. Summer temperatures are high, generally only 30h to feed, winter usually takes 80h. The current development is a composite chemical treatment that combines the advantages of both alkalization and ammoniation.
6 Maize straw storage technology
Acid storage is also a chemical treatment method. Spraying an acidic substance on the storage material or adding a little amount of Glauber's salt after storing it with appropriate amount of phosphoric acid can increase the sulphur-containing compounds in the feed and help increase the vitality of lactic acid bacteria. Feed nutrition, and resistance to bacteria. This method is simple and effective, can effectively resist the "secondary fermentation", and it is easier to take the material. This method is more suitable for yellow storage, can properly soften the dry straw, increase the taste and improve digestibility.
7 Maize straw briquetting processing technology
Using the feed briquetting machine to compress the straw into high-density cakes, the compression can reach 1:15 to 1:5, which can greatly reduce the transportation and storage space. If used in conjunction with drying equipment, it can suppress fresh corn stalks to ensure that their nutrient composition is unchanged and prevent mildew. At present, there is also the addition of a conversion agent followed by compression, using the temperature and pressure generated during the compression to aminate, alkalize, and ripen the straw to increase its crude protein content and digestibility. The processed corn stalk becomes a cross-section 3030mm and a length of 20 ~100mm block feed, density 0.6-0.8kg/cm3, convenient for transportation and storage, suitable for the company plus farmers mode, low production costs.
8 Corn Straw and Grass Processing Technology
The corn stalks are crushed into grass powder, fed to cattle and sheep after fermentation, used as feed instead of hay, and seasons are more likely to be consumed during the busy season, and the feeding effect is better. Any non-mildew, corn stalk with moisture content of not more than 15% can be crushed raw materials, when the production of hammer crusher to smash the straw, grass powder should not be too fine, generally 10 to 20mm long, 1-3mm wide, too thin is not easy to ruminant. The comminuted corn straw grass powder and leguminous grass powder are mixed in a ratio of 3:1. The whole fermentation time is 1 to 1.5 days. The fermented grass powder is added 0.5 to 1 kg of bone meal per 100 kg, and is assigned to 25 people. - 30kg of cornmeal, wheat bran, etc., fully mixed, it will be made of grass powder fermentation mixed feed.
9 Corn Straw Expanding Processing Technology
This is a physico-biochemical composite treatment method. The mechanism is that the screw squeezing method is used to send the corn stalk to the extruder, the screw screw pushes the material to form an axial flow, and the screw and the material, the material and the barrel, and the internal of the material. Mechanical friction, the material is strongly squeezed, stirred, sheared, so that the material is refined and homogenized. As the pressure increases, the temperature rises accordingly. Under the conditions of high temperature, high pressure, and high shear force, the physical properties of the material change from powder to paste. When the paste material is ejected from the die hole, under the influence of a strong pressure difference, the material is expanded, dehydrated, and cooled, resulting in a loose, porous, and crispy puff that has a good palatability and flavor. favorite. From the perspective of biochemical process, the maximum temperature during extrusion can reach 130°C~160°C. Not only can kill bacteria, microorganisms, eggs, improve health indicators, but also make a variety of harmful factors inactivated, improve feed quality, eliminate the various factors that contribute to deterioration of the material, extended shelf life.
The corn stover thermal spray feed processing technology is a similar composite treatment method. The difference is that the straw is put into the thermal spray device, and the supersaturated steam is turned inside, and after a certain period of time, the straw is subjected to high temperature and high pressure treatment, and then The sudden drop in pressure causes the treated straw to be sprayed into the atmosphere, thereby changing its structure and certain chemical components, and increasing the nutritional value of the straw feed. The extruded and thermally sprayed straw can be directly fed to livestock and can also be processed by briquetting.
10 Corn stalk pellet feed processing technology
The corn stalks are dried after being crushed, and then the additives are added and mixed uniformly. The granules are pelletized and pressed into a pellet feed in a pellet feed machine. Due to the friction and heating during the processing, the inside of the straw is deeply matured, and the processed feed pellets are smooth, moderate in hardness, and uniform in size, and the diameter of the pellet can be adjusted between 3-12mm as needed. It can also use pellet feed equipment to complete straw crushing, lifting, stirring and feeding functions, adding various additives at any time, completely closed production, and a high degree of automation. Small and medium-sized corn stalk pellet feed processing enterprises should use this technology . In addition, there is also a complete processing and production technology for straw concentrate feed that is suitable for large-scale feed production enterprises, and its level of automation is higher.