(1) Garden building technology
1. Site conditions for building a garden. Due to the high soil requirements of dense planting gardens (usually requiring an organic matter content between 2% and 3%), for areas where the soil is relatively poor (organic matter content is less than 1%), the first five years should be changed to fertilize the soil. Increasing the application of organic fertilizer is the key to improving soil fertility and consolidating the effect of salt modification. Applying more organic fertilizer can loosen the soil with high salt and alkali content and large degree of compaction, increase the soil gap, and enhance the ability of soil to retain water and fertilizer. Each acre of saline soil can be mixed with farm manure and 90-100 kg of superphosphate, to achieve the effect of reducing alkalinity and improving soil fertility.
2. Planted varieties and density. For some varieties that are easy to flower, have a high fruit setting rate, and have high economic value, such as Xueqing, Xinli No. 7, Huangguan, Yali, Qiuyue, etc., the general principle is that the row spacing is at least 2 meters longer than the plant spacing, and the density is generally the plant row spacing ( 0.5～1)m×(3～4)m, for some varieties with strong branching ability and strong tree vigor, such as Yuluxiang pear, Hongxiangsu, Zaohongcomis, etc., the spacing between plants should be increased and taken Measures to increase crown control, such as cutting of lateral branches, trunk cutting, root pruning, growth inhibitor control, etc.
3. Planting seedling technology. There are three methods for planting: one is to plant high-quality finished seedlings. In this way, the effect of sprouting in the first year is not good, which has an adverse effect on the early shaping. When the growth is not ideal, it is often necessary to retract and re-branch or graft to supplement, but the results are early. The second is the grafting of small rootstocks. The result is 2 years later than that of planting seedlings and 1 year later than that of large rootstocks, but the survival rate is high and the trees are neat. The third is the establishment of a garden by grafting a planting anvil. The result is 1 year later than that of planting seedlings, but it is easy to cultivate into a cylindrical shape with a strong stem and a narrow crown. The young trees grow strong, and the trees in the whole garden are neat and enter the high-yield period early. In the same year, the garden was grafted to achieve fruitfulness in the second year of cultivation, and yields were formed in the third and fourth years. This is the garden building method we advocate.
(2) Cultivation of cylindrical trees
Cylindrical tree shape requires a tree as high as 2.5 to 3.0 meters, a trunk height of about 60 cm, and 22 to 26 large and medium-sized fruiting branch groups directly planted on the trunk, with branch angles of 70° to 90°, and branch groups directly planted Small fruiting branches and short fruit branches.
1. Training center. Carved buds are a very important technical measure to make fruit trees take shape as soon as possible. When the center stem of the seedling grows to 1.5-1.6 meters in the first year, cut a knife 0.5-1 cm above the bud one week before the next year's bud germination. The length of this knife should reach 2/3 of the circumference of the center dry branch, and the depth should reach the xylem, otherwise The stimulation effect is too weak to achieve the desired effect. Except that the apex of the seedling is 30 cm and the bud is not carved below 60 cm above the ground, all other buds are carved to form the maximum ratio of branches and leaves. In particular, some orchards have seedlings less than 1.5 meters long in the first year, and they should be stubble or retracted at 55 cm at all times, until their top extensions can reach a height of 1.5 meters at a time and then bud. In this way, the tree standard formed by the whole garden is neat. If the stubble is not flat, the grown tree tends to cause more branches in the lower part and less branches in the upper part, and the tree shape becomes a spindle shape.
2. Remove the top extension branch. Generally, after two years of buds at the center of the trunk extension branch reach the prescribed tree height, the weak branch nearby replaces the extension branch to weaken the top edge advantage; when the extension branch does not reach the height, the competitive branch of the top extension branch is removed and weakened Stay strong to enhance its top growth potential.
3. Leave the prongs to remove the large branches. The branches on the center trunk should be kept in a suitable amount, go big and leave small. When the thickness of the branches directly growing on the central stem in the branch group reaches more than 1/3 of the central stem thickness, try to remove them as much as possible to facilitate the germination of small branches. Of course, when the amount of branches in the tree is small, you can also use branching and branching to reduce the growth potential of the large branch group. When the tree has sufficient branches, leave the large branch group to purge.
(3) Liyuan Crown Control Technology
1. Use dwarf rootstocks. Plant dwarf tree species and varieties, such as Zhong'ai 1 and Zhong'ai 2, etc.
2. Press the crown with fruit. In the orchard grafted with a large anvil, a small amount of fruit can be seen in the lower part of the next year. Leave single fruit, fruit spacing 20 ~ 30 cm, use early results to control the canopy. When the branching angle of the branches on the center stem is small, you can use a toothpick to support the branches in the early stage. When the branches are too large in the later stage, you can pull the branches to make the branching angle between the branches and the center stem reach about 70°. Due to improper management in the early stage of Liuxinzhuang Orchard in our city, the resulting branches are too large, the opening angle is too small, the growth momentum is too vigorous, and the tree shape is chaotic. The fruit tree station took the following measures: strictly control water and nitrogen fertilizer after June to promote flower bud differentiation; the trunk and big branch group were subjected to ring cutting; the vigorous growth of the big branch group was flattened (90° from the center), and waited until the time was ripe At the same time, you can also leave the prongs to remove them, and promote their sprouts to achieve the effect of cultivating the large and small branches on the central stem.
(4) Pear orchard fertilization technology
1. Autumn fertilizer application. Fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizers, combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizers. After harvesting each year, apply about 5000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu, the amount of fertilizer should be determined according to the measurement results of the soil and the load. Combined with the use of organic fertilizers in autumn, 50 kg of compound fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are applied at once per mu. In areas where conditions permit, more organic fertilizer is applied every year. With the application of organic fertilizer year by year, the compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium decreases year by year.
2. Fertilization methods. Open two large furrows in each row on the inner side of the outer periphery of the canopy for furrow fertilization, so that part of the root system can also be cut to control the growth of the canopy to the outer periphery. Watering should be timely when there is no rain after fertilization. Organic fertilizer is not suitable for spreading, especially biological bacterial fertilizer (afraid of exposure); fertilize with ring, radial, ditch and other methods, ditch depth 40 ~ 60 cm, generally apply base fertilizer in autumn, try to use decomposed farm manure, otherwise there will be burning Root phenomenon.
(5) Pear orchard
1. The benefits of grass. The roots of weeds are distributed between 5 and 20 centimeters and will not compete with fruit trees for nutrients. Improve soil compaction, adjust soil physical and chemical properties, increase permeability, and increase the number of microorganisms. Organic matter in organic fertilizer stimulates root growth, promotes root absorption, and changes the pH of the soil. The orchards with better grass in our city include Lifutai alfalfa, Yafeng rye, broad-leaved vetch, Cangyou No. 5, and Biandu rye.
2. The method of growing grass. Growing grass between rows of trees not only saves manpower, but also cultivates fertility and improves the soil. No need to turn over, when the grass grows to the flowering period, it can be cut and smashed and covered under the tree tray. Natural grass can be mowed twice a year, the first time from late April to early May, after covering the tree tray, the second time at the beginning of June, deep tillage and turn into the ground.
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