When kiwifruit is cultivated, the male plants must be arranged in a certain proportion, and the pollination dependence of insects such as honeybees is large. Due to the large amount of pesticides used in production, the number of visits by pollinating insects is getting less and less; the flowering period of male flowers and female flowers are not fully consistent, and rainfall, low temperature, strong wind, dryness, dust storm and other factors during flowering period all have adverse effects on the pollination of kiwifruit; In recent years, the production of large-fruit kiwifruit has become the biggest technical problem in all producing areas. Kiwifruit pollination technology is the new fruit production technology developed on the basis of conventional artificial pollination technology. The foreign kiwifruit production power has been widely adopted.
Kiwifruit pollination technology
1. The pollination characteristics of kiwifruit
For kiwi, the more seeds in general, the bigger the fruit and the better the flavor. According to the Japanese study, the number of seeds in the kiwifruit fruit is proportional to the fruit size, ie Y (fruit weight g) = 0.07X (seed number) + 27.2, and the correlation coefficient is as high as 0.899. It can be seen that it takes 1000 grains to produce kiwifruit with a single fruit weight of more than 100g. The above seeds, if the pollination is not complete, there are few seeds in the fruit, can easily cause deformed fruit or small fruit, or even fruit drop. A normal Hayward fruit has about 1,500 seeds. Through artificial pollination, it can achieve a goal of about 150g of single fruit weight and uniform fruit size.
2. The advantages of solution pollination technology
Routine artificial pollination is to collect male pollen of kiwifruit at a ratio of 1:30, mix it with cedarwood, talcum powder, starch, skimmed milk powder, etc., and artificial pollination can be performed after the female flower is opened. Pollination available brush, feather special pollinators. The conventional artificial pollination techniques of kiwifruit have the problems of uneven mixing of pollen and additives, the influence of additives on the germination of kiwifruit pollen, the need for multiple-pointing, and low pollination efficiency. Pollination of the solution is to spray the kiwifruit pollen and the substance that promotes pollen germination, such as sucrose, borax, water and colloidal suspension, into the female flower. The method has the advantages of high pollination speed, accurate concentration of sprayed powder, prolonged pollination period, and saving of pollen (the amount of pollen is one-third of conventional artificial pollination).
3. Actinidia solution pollination technology
(1) Collection of male flowers
2 to 3 days before pollination (day), select male plants that are slightly earlier than the main cultivar, have more pollen, have strong affinity with the main cultivars, have high pollen germination rate, and have a long flowering period, and collect the pods in the early evening and early morning. The flowers that were opened early but did not have an anther were prematurely released pollen and the pollen germination rate was low; the anthers were cracked too late and the pollen amount was small. Pollen mixed pollination of two or more male strains (strains) was collected, which not only had high fertilization rate, but also resulted in large results and good quality. The collection of male flowers is calculated at no less than 1,000 flowers per 667m2 (mu), and the average weight is about 1.2kg.
(2) Collection of anthers
The collected male flowers were rubbed by hand on a 2 to 3 mm sieve or a wire mesh to remove petals and filaments, or the male flowers were crushed with a small electric grinder, and then the petals and filaments were removed by sieving. About 230g anthers can be obtained for every 1000 flowers.
(3) Prescribe medicine
The anthers are flattened into thin layers on kraft paper or opener and dried naturally; or in an oven at 22°C to 25°C and humidity of 50% for a day or two, the anthers are cracked and the pollen is released. Then use a 100 to 120 mesh sieve to remove debris, such as capsules, and store in a bottle for later use. 6.7g of pure pollen can be collected for every 1000 flowers.
(4) Storage pollen
The collected pollen can be placed at room temperature for 4 to 5 days (days), household refrigerator (
(5) Preparation of pollen solution
Kiwi pollen is easily broken and loses its activity in water. Sugar can prevent pollen from breaking in solution, and sucrose can also promote pollen germination. In order to ensure uniform pollen mixing in the pollen solution and the stability of the pollen suspension without delamination or sedimentation, a gelling agent is required to maintain the stability of the pollen solution, which is a key technology for kiwifruit solution pollination. In order to promote pollen germination, substances such as boric acid that promote pollen tube elongation may also be added. The basic formula of pollen solution: sucrose 10% + 0.08% - 0.12% agar (or 0.1% ~ 0.2% jelly gel) + distilled water + pollen. Pollen dilution multiple times in the range of 125 to 1000 times can guarantee 100% fruit set rate and 80% to 90% normal fruit of kiwifruit. The optimal pollen dilution of the large kiwi fruit (130g) is 250-500 times. After determination, the germination rate of kiwifruit pollen at room temperature was 64% after being mixed with a suspension, 56% after 2 hours (hours), and 43% after 4 hours (hours). Therefore, the pollination of kiwifruit solution should be used along with the use, and it should be at 2h. (in hours) after the grant.
(6) Pollination
About 25% of the flowers in the whole tree should be pollinated at the time of opening. On a sunny morning without wind, the hand sprayer was used to directly spray the pollen solution onto the brightly moist female flowers on the stigma within 2 days (days) of flowering. Within 3h (hours) after pollination, a rainfall above moderate intensity is encountered and repeated pollination is required; if the pollen concentration is large (eg, 200 times pollen solution), pollination may be omitted.
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