Industrialized pollution-free culture turbot
Turbot is native to the European Atlantic Ocean and is one of the world's most recognized premium halibut. In the middle of the 1990s, China began to introduce aquaculture from Europe. In recent years, it has developed into a large industry along the northern coast. In Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning and other places, aquaculture has developed rapidly, and fish farming has been upgraded to a factory level, becoming a large aquaculture industry. Turbot meat is fresh and fragrant. It is a good raw material for making fish fillets and fish fillets. It has also become a leader in the field of aquatic product consumption in China. After the drug residue incident, the pollution-free health culture of turbot is getting more and more attention. Based on the experience of the breeding units in recent years, the author discusses the key technologies for the pollution-free and healthy breeding of industrialized greenhouses as follows:
Venue selection
The transportation facilities are convenient, and the water and electricity are ready to be built near the sea. It is important that the physical and chemical factors of deep wells played by this site are suitable for the needs of turbot breeding. The pH is preferably maintained at 7.6 to 8.6; the salinity should be 20 to 32; the dissolved oxygen is greater than 4 mg/l; the ammonia nitrogen is less than 0.2 mg/l; and the water temperature is 10 to 20°C, preferably 14 to 19°C. Between the temperature of the water is too high or the salinity is too low, fish disease is more, is not conducive to healthy farming. Many greenhouses use simple plastic greenhouses with low investment and easy recovery costs. Roof shade facilities, lighting requirements 60Lux ~ 600Lux (200Lux ~ 400Lux best). Each greenhouse should be equipped with 1 to 2 deep seawater wells. After drilling wells, at least 7 days to 10 days of water pumping are required to stabilize the water quality indicators before they can be used.
A storage tank is built in the shed. After the well water flows through the reservoir, the water enters the pool along the direction of the pool wall and forms a water stream that rotates toward the center of the pool. The aquaculture pond is preferably round or octagonal with the drain located in the middle of the pool. The aquaculture pond area ranges from 25 to 40 square meters, and the depth of the pond is 60 to 80 centimeters. The air stones in the pool are oxygenated by blowers, and the number of gas stones is 3/m2 to 5/m2. Greenhouses can be equipped with pure oxygen supply facilities and used under special circumstances. In general, each greenhouse is equipped with a generator for normal water supply during power outages.
Seed selection
Nursery sites must comply with the provisions of the Fisheries Law of the People's Republic of China and the Regulations for the Management of Aquatic Seed Breeds promulgated by the Ministry of Agriculture. The design and production conditions should meet the requirements of the operational procedures for the production of aquatic fingerlings, and the quality of seedlings should meet relevant standards. Seed selection should be slightly larger, preferably 4 cm or more. Try to choose the first seedling (first seedling) hatched by the hatchery in the same batch. The seedlings have high survival rate and short breeding cycle. Seedlings require complete fish, normal color, vitality, health, no lesions, no deformities, the same period seedlings specifications, eliminating the albino seedlings. Before the seedlings are transported, it is necessary to do a good job of stopping food and cooling beforehand. The temperature difference between transportation and entering the pool should be controlled between 1°C and 2°C, and the salinity difference should be within 5°C. Nylon bags are transported for oxygen transport and transportation time is controlled within 20 hours. For fry 4cm to 10cm in length, each bag can hold 100 to 200 tails. Each 15cm fry can hold 30 to 60 tails. During the transportation of fish fry, it is necessary to avoid fish body injury, collision, bag breakage, air leakage, water leakage, and lack of oxygen. The stocking densities of factory culture ponds are shown in the following table:
Aquaculture management
The fish seedlings are treated to prevent fish seedlings from being transported and injured during operation. Disinfectants can be disinfected after entering the pool. Potassium permanganate 0.3 ppm to 0.5 ppm or povidone iodine 0.5 ppm can be spilled for 2 days, once a day, when the splashing stops. Enter the water for one hour and observe it at any time.
Breeding water depth is generally 40 cm to 60 cm. When washing pools or sorting, it is not allowed to drain the pool water, but should be carried with water.
The water temperature for aquaculture is required to be between 10°C and 20°C, preferably between 14°C and 19°C. If the water temperature is higher than 20 °C, the water exchange volume or the supply of pure oxygen to the water should be increased. Otherwise, it will easily lead to disease and dead fish.
Changing the amount of water on the day of water exchange shall enable the whole pond water body to reach 4 to 10 cycles, according to the water quality, water body load and other flexibility.
Wash the pool once in about 30 days. Wash the pool should retain a certain level, so as to avoid injury to the fish body, using the side into the edge of the drainage state operation, after the pool wash pool povidone iodine or potassium permanganate disinfection once, the concentration of 0.3ppm ~ 0.5ppm.
Transfer to the pool once every two or three months. Feed the fish according to specifications. Care should be taken to avoid fish injuries. At present, most of the farming households have relatively crude tools and transportation methods, and they often use plastic baskets, pots, and barrels for dry transport. This method has severe stress and is easily injured. The correct method is to use a soft texture of the fishing net to pick up the fish and put it in a plastic bucket with water. Divide the pool also can not put dry pool water or the water level is too low, in order to prevent oxygen deficiency and fish body injury, but should reduce the water level appropriately, while entering the drainage side to operate. The water temperature should be below 20°C during sorting, the water temperature is too high, the oxygen consumption is too high, and the fish is vulnerable to infection. It is not appropriate to perform sorting operations. Stop the food before the pool. The same pool of fish must be selected once, and at the same time, the length and weight of the fish are measured. Disinfection with potassium permanganate after sub-chamber, the drug bath concentration of 0.3ppm ~ 0.5ppm. The separated empty pond was thoroughly disinfected with 10 ppm potassium permanganate before being transferred to other pool fish.
Disease-prevention culture tools are best used in special pools. Common tools must be disinfected after each use, and tools and aisles must be regularly disinfected. During the day, the workshops are often inspected to check the gas, water, and water temperature, and at the same time to carefully observe the status of the fish in the pool. If the fish cluster is found somewhere or at the bottom of the pool, it indicates a good condition. If the fish is fully dispersed or moves around in the pool, the general state is not good. Fish diseases should be quickly checked to take preventive measures. Regularly check the physical and chemical indicators in water to ensure good water quality. Special staff should be assigned on duty at night so that timely measures can be taken in the event of an accident.
Feed and feeding should use the high-quality feeds produced by large plants as feed for pollution-free turbot, and the turbot cultured in European countries can reach commercial specifications of 1.5kg to 1.8kg after 30 months. The feed coefficient is 1.0 to 1.2. The market size of Chinese turbot is up to 500g. From the start of fry breeding for about 8 months, it can reach 500g, and the feed coefficient is 0.7-1.0. After the fish is put into the pool, the bait should be promptly baited so that the fish can form a habit of floating and grabbing food, and the feed feeding area can be reduced from the whole pool to a point where the fish can form a fixed feeding habit. Feeding adhere to the "four set" principle, that is, timing, fixed-point, qualitative, quantitative. The fish is fed 3 times to 5 times during the early days of the fish rearing period, 2 times in the late period, and once in the afternoon and the afternoon, the feeding time is 7:00 to 9:00 in the morning and 16:00 to 18:00 in the afternoon. The principle of “less-more-less†and “slow-fast-slowâ€, that is, the slow start-lower shots are used to induce the fish to feed on the fish. When the fish compete for food on the upper layer, they will vote for 70% more. About 80% of the fish, after they have eaten, will slow down the feeding rate when they are scattered or sink to take care of the weak. When feeding, fry feeding should be reduced so as not to affect the feeding of fish. However, in general, the turbot is not swift to eat, and the entire feeding process should not be too fast, so as to avoid feed wastage. In addition, when the water temperature is higher than 19°C or lower than 9°C, it is less cast. Feeding volume should be properly controlled throughout the culture process, so that the fish is in a 70% state of fullness, so that the fish will not be oversaturated, avoid anorexia phenomenon of the fish and prevent the digestive function of the fish, thereby avoiding disease. After the feeding, the sewage should be drained in time, that is, about 3/4 of the pool water should be drained quickly. The rapid decline of the water level and the high-speed rotation of the water will discharge residual feed and sewage out of the pond and gradually increase it to the normal aquaculture water level.
Key issues
In the process of aquaculture management, the following points are of great significance for enhancing the physical fitness of turbot and preventing the occurrence and spread of disease.
The bottom of pool wall should be smooth, because there is no scale in the abdomen and the back scales are degraded. This fish inhabits the bottom of the pool, and the rough pool wall bottom is easy to injure and cause disease; the pool should be made round Or square round corners, so that the water can be completely recycled, leaving no dead ends; the bottom of the pool should have a slope of 5% toward the center, use the central sewage, easy to discharge the dirt, keep the bottom of the pool clean, suitable for habitat of turbot and The water quality of the aquaculture pond is protected from the pollution of the bottom of the pool, thereby reducing the stimulation of turbot by harmful substances such as ammonia nitrogen, nitrite and hydrogen sulfide in the water, and avoiding its stress reaction and reducing its immunity.
The selection of seedlings should be based on the scientific breeding of the normal seedling factory. The seedlings of the same batch size are neatly unified. The eyes are on the left side of the fish, the back is dark brown, with a little melanin and a small amount of prickles, and the belly is smooth white. The body surface is bright, no damage, no darkening, redness, strong activity, and no parasites on the palate. No illicit drugs are needed during the nursery period, and the concentration of drugs used is strictly controlled. At the same time, the difference between nursery conditions and breeding environment can not be too large, otherwise it is easy to cause the seedlings to adapt to the environment after being raised in the farmers' greenhouses, and the immunity to disease is reduced, resulting in farmers being forced to use drugs, and the survival rate of culture is also low.
The amount of water exchange should be adjusted according to the law of oxygen consumption of the fish and the quality of water. It can be controlled by adopting different power pumps, reducing the number of feed pumps, and adjusting the outlet valve of the culture tank. If the fish live for a long time in the environment where dissolved oxygen can not meet their needs, not only the feeding rate will decline, the growth will slow down, but also the immunity will be reduced and susceptible to diseases; at the same time, if the water contains ammonia, nitrite, hydrogen sulfide and organic substances Exceeding its adaptation limit will also hinder growth and cause disease. Therefore, by monitoring the water quality indicators to properly control the amount of water exchange, so as to achieve healthy fish growth while reducing costs and increasing efficiency.
Some of the residual baits and feces produced in the wash pool culture process cannot be absorbed by the water pool and are absorbed at the bottom of the pool wall. The washing pool has a certain effect on the discharge of dirt from the bottom of the culture tank. The shape of the breeding pond with no dead angle combined with the inclined bottom of the pool and the central drainage method can effectively discharge the bottom of the pool.
Segregation is reduced as much as possible by the number of separations, and it is best to sort only 3 times, up to 5 times. Excessive number of divisions of stocking will also cause the fish to be injured and increase the stress response of the fish.
Feed feed is an important input in the production of turbot. The quality of feed is an important factor affecting the culture effect of turbot and water environment. The feed quality is low, not only affects the normal growth of fish, but also in the breeding process. A large amount of waste is produced in the plant, which deteriorates the farming environment. Turbot aquaculture feedstuffs shall be implemented in accordance with the "Regulations on the Administration of Feed and Feed Additives" promulgated by the State Council. Their quality shall conform to the "Safety Limits for Compound Feeds for Fish" standard, and shall not use feeds that have been contaminated with mildew, spoilage, and pesticides or other harmful substances. . The type and amount of drug additives used should meet the requirements of the "Standards for the Use of Feed Additives for Food Additives" of the Ministry of Agriculture and the requirements of NY5027-2001. They must not use drugs that are prohibited from use by the State, nor can they be added to the feed. Microbiological preparations can be properly added to feeds to make up for the lack of nutrients in feeds, improve feed utilization and feed palatability, promote normal growth and rapid growth of turbot, and increase fish immunity.
Disease prevention and control of turbot is one of the European cultured marine fishes. No illicit drugs are used for breeding in Europe, and the purpose of disease control can be achieved by optimizing the culture management mode and rationally using fishery drugs that meet the requirements of pollution-free food production.
The key points mentioned above for the seedlings, water quality, feed, and daily management in the breeding can effectively prevent the occurrence and spread of turbot disease. Because the turbot body surface scales are small and soft, the current state of the art farming operations will inevitably cause injuries even if careful attention is paid. In addition, the factory culture density is high, and the farmed fish will be subject to crowding stress and cause stress. Therefore, it is also necessary to adopt some more active disease prevention and control measures.
When the seedlings were just put into the pool, in order to prevent operation injuries and inadequacy of the environment caused by the disease caused by a large number of deaths, but also to stop the spread of parasites, can use oxytetracycline mixed feed for a period of time, and use formalin to disinfect the bath . After washing, pooling and other operations are performed, formalin baths may also be used as appropriate to prevent fish wound infection.
In the period of rapid growth of turbot, Chinese herbal preparations such as Shuanghuanglianlian, multivitamin preparations and xylo-oligosaccharides can be sprayed as immune enhancers before the formula feed. This will increase the immunity of the fish and promote the immunity of the fish. Turbot grows. These preparations have the advantages of being non-toxic, harmless (or low toxicity, low toxicity), fast metabolism and no residue, and can effectively prevent the outbreak of bacterial and viral diseases.
Observe the behavior, food intake, and physical characteristics of farmed fish, combine the sampling inspection, early detection and early treatment of the disease, and use drugs according to the cause. Do not abuse drugs, and strictly prohibited the use of illicit drugs. The use of brand-name manufacturers' products should be used for medicines. These products generally do not contain banned drugs and do not allow farmers to use banned drugs without their knowledge. The use of drugs in strict doses, with excessive amounts of drugs, not only has little effect on the treatment of diseases, but also affects the growth of fish, leading to prolonged residual time. Absolutely can not ignore the drug withdrawal period, the metabolism of various drugs need different time, can not reach due to the withdrawal period, the drug residue can easily exceed the standard. If illicit drugs are used in the breeding process, there must be a long withdrawal period. For example, if nitrofurazone requires more than 2 months, the metabolites remaining in the fish may fall within the safe range. Many diseases related to the occurrence, dissemination and management of loopholes (such as ignoring the disinfection of tools, operation rough, etc.), but also must optimize management in a timely manner to eliminate hidden dangers. In addition, because there are some differences between domestic standards and foreign standards, it is recommended that farmers frequently consult the local government's fisheries department regarding the scope of illicit drugs, the amount of drugs used, and the period of drug withdrawal, which are closely related to the production of pollution-free foods.
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