Artificial Fish Reefs at Home and Abroad Construction Status The South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Liu Tongbiao Before the 1990s, people judged that the standards of advanced fisheries countries were the total number of fisheries in the country and whether fishing techniques were advanced, but in the mid to late 1990s, These ideas have changed. Whoever protects the fishery resources of the country well and can proliferate. Whoever is the fishery advanced country. Since the 1990s, countries around the world have generally recognized the threat of fishery resource decline and have increasingly strengthened their protection of fishery resources. Some people of insight have proposed that fisheries should be fished and grazing. Japan proposed the concept of marine grazing, and Academician Zeng Chengkui of the Institute of Oceanography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences also proposed the proposal of marine aquaculture and animal husbandry. The construction of artificial reefs began the journey of marine aquaculture and animal husbandry in the form of a vanguard. There are various measures for the protection and proliferation of fishery resources, and artificial reef construction is one of the effective measures. At present, many countries in the world have put artificial reefs on their coasts. Asia has China (including Taiwan Province and Hong Kong), Japan, North Korea, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, India; America has the United States and Canada; Oceania has Australia; Europe has Britain, France, Germany, Italy , Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Finland, Romania, Poland, Russia, Israel, Turkey, Greece. 1 Construction of foreign artificial reefs Japan has the largest amount of funds invested, the earliest time to put fish reefs and the deepest research on reefs. As early as 1932, the Japanese government formulated the “Reformation Policy for Coastal Fisheriesâ€. Since World War II, artificial reefs have been put into the coastal waters of the coastal areas year after year. So far, Japan has artificial reef areas on the coastal islands. Japan’s research on artificial reefs is very detailed and in-depth. Several aquatic research institutes under the Japan Fisheries Agency have dedicated experts to study the relationship between artificial reefs and fish, and the benefits of artificial reefs. The Fisheries Research Institute specializes in researching the mechanism, structure, materials, and engineering principles of artificial reefs. Japan also has the largest number of artificial reef publications. South Korea began large-scale construction of artificial reefs in 1973. The government has invested 425.3 billion won (approximately 3 billion yuan), local investment 106.3 billion won (approximately 750 million yuan), and in 2001 the government increased investment by 2.9 billion won. (More than 200 million yuan), local investment of 0.5 billion won (about 5 million yuan), has built a reef area of ​​140,000 hectares. Other countries in Asia, such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Filipin, don’t invest a lot of money, and they don’t have a large number of reefs. Most of them are using old ships, scrap tires and other reefs, only a few reinforced concrete reefs, and some even Bamboo, wood, and rock are used as reefs, but their service life is not long. General requirements reef life is 20-30 years. After the Second World War, the United States put a lot of urban wastes as reefs in the eastern sea areas, such as waste cars, abandoned locomotives, waste cars, waste boilers, waste tires, waste pipes, and so on. Reefs have gradually expanded from the northeast of the United States to the west and Gulf of Mexico, and even to Hawaii. By 1983, the number of reefs reached 1200, and reefer materials have become more extensive. Scrap oil platforms, waste warships, and waste carriers have all been deployed. example. According to the introduction, the oil platform is the best. Because of its large size, large space, and high reef, the fish collection effect is good. As a result of the general setting of artificial reefs, the industry has risen and the number of people participating in sport fishing has accounted for a quarter of the country's population. The various industries that they serve have also developed rapidly, such as coastal hotels, restaurants, fishing gear stores, fishing tackle industry, bait shops, and fishing and fishing shipyards. Its employees are growing at a rate of 3% to 5% each year. The United States has put a lot of fish reefs, and the scope of the reefs is also very large. However, the government’s investment in fish reefs is much smaller than in Japan. This is because: (1) Putting in a lot of waste as a reef, the cost of reef building is low. They cast very few concrete reefs, and the waste was selectively cast. They used to cast a lot of scrap cars because the car's steel plates were very thin, and they were eroded in seawater for 2-3 years. The iron scraps spread over the seabed and caused pollution. Similar materials are now stopped. (2) Social organizations and enterprises are all involved in investment. There are money to be paid, there are goods and materials, who invests, who benefits, and who manages, all of which require the approval of the relevant authorities. (3) Commercial operation. Because of the wealth of society, people are willing to spend their money on sport fishing, resulting in the development of commercial investment. At the same time, research on artificial reefs has also developed rapidly, and fishery departments, marine departments, and some universities have all set up artificial reef research projects. Australia recognizes that artificial reefs will improve the environment, but there is no long-term planning, there is no substantial investment, only a few scrap ships and tens of thousands of waste tires are put in some sea areas, but it is worth mentioning that they started in Sydney in 1974. Nearly 300 kilometers south of Porth Hekin, 700,000 scrap tires were cast to create one of the largest artificial reef areas in the world. European countries believe that as long as some scrap boats and scrap tires are put into operation, they will rarely work. For example, the United Kingdom put the retired 5 tons of warships as fish reefs in the no-fish zone. Germany also puts scrapped 10,000-ton cargo ships in closed fishing areas to prevent trawl fishing operations. In Europe, Italy only pays more attention to the construction of artificial reefs. The government and non-government organizations invest together and deploy fish reefs organized, planned, and managed. In addition to using waste ships and waste tires, they also design coal ash and concrete mixed reefs. We also use waste coal ash. Spain is also a European country where governments and civil society invest in reef construction and management. In addition to launching old ships and waste tires, they also put in large-scale concrete structures and put them in closed areas to prevent trawler operations there. 2 Construction of Artificial Reefs in China The development of modern artificial reefs in China began in 1979 when the Fisheries Bureau of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region funded 26 small-scale fish reefs in the coastal areas of Fangchengguo, and then put artificial reefs into each coastal fruit year after year. However, because of the limited funds, there are not many reef areas set up, and the number of reefs deployed in each reef area is not large. Since the end of the 1990s, the construction of the reefs was suspended due to the suspension of investment. Until 2001, the Guangdong Provincial Government organized the relevant units to carry out the study and allocated 800 million yuan for the construction of reef funds. At present, 12 sites have been selected as artificial reef areas along the province's coast, and work has been carried out successively. Artificial fish reefs have also been introduced earlier in Taiwan Province in China. In 1975, the Taiwan Provincial Government invested NT$1.3 billion in artificial reefs. So far, artificial reefs have been set up along the entire island of Taiwan. In 1998, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region decided to allocate 600 million Hong Kong dollars within five years. In the first phase, it invested 100 million Hong Kong dollars to build artificial reefs. It plans to set up reef reefs in five sea areas along the coast of Hong Kong. 3 Summary In recent years, according to the Joint FAO estimates, 70% of marine fish have been overfished, and 13 of the world’s 15 major fisheries have exceeded the amount of fish sustainable development. The decline of fishery resources is a worldwide problem. The setting of artificial reefs can also play a variety of roles: (1) Artificial reefs can improve the environment, and many organisms are attached to the reefs, attracting many small shrimps to form a bait farm; (2) The reefs will Produce a variety of flow states, ascending flow, linear flow, eddy currents, etc., to improve the environment; (3) The space inside the reefs can protect juvenile fishes, thereby multiplying resources; (4) Setting up reefs in the fish-restricting area can really play a role Prohibition effect. The reef area cannot be trawled, fenced and gilled, and can only be caught by hand, and hand-fishing production is limited. Due to the effectiveness of artificial reefs in the protection and proliferation of fishery resources, attention has been paid to all parties and there are more and more countries that invest in reefs. However, the investment in installing artificial reefs is relatively large, because a reef area must have at least 4 cubic meters of empty reefs, and fewer reefs will not work. In addition, the choice of the reef-laying area is also very important. It is necessary to avoid the muddy bottom and the uneven seabed. [Address: (510300) No.231, Xingang West Road, Guangzhou City]
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