The apple planting area in China has reached 32.15 million mu, but 70% was planted after the 1990s. It is common that Qiaohua has too large planting density, inter-row joints, cross-plants, poor ventilation and light transmission, and tree-shaped matching. Improper, plastic technology is not standardized, the crown is too high, too large, individual ventilation is poor; the tree structure is irrational, the growth is not coordinated, the trunk is low, the middle stem is fine, the central leading advantage is not obvious; branches or branches are numerous Axis extension, large crown, the results of the site outside the shift; large branches and more robust, the angle is too small, small and delicate branches, uneven distribution and other issues. This results in poor orchard lighting, flowering difficulties, late results, poor quality, serious pests and diseases, inconvenient field operation management, increased production costs, and reduced efficiency. Therefore, it is an effective way to improve the ventilation and transparence of orchards and improve the rate of high-quality fruit.
The scientific and technical personnel of the Northwest A&F University have put forward different types of orchards and different key technologies for reshaping through multiple experiments.
1. Thinning: For closed orchards with large ages and high densities, and which have already been handed over, the thinning of the septum or digging 1 is the main method, so that the dwarfing garden has a row spacing of 4 to 5 meters and Qiaohua reaches 5 to 6 meters. However, the temporary strains to be excavated should gradually take large branches, change their crowns from small to large, change from flat to round, and then remove them. For the retained permanent strains, maintain the original tree shape, and cultivate sagging fruiting branches to control the expansion of the crown.
2. Tossing dry heads: Generally, the main branch of the Central Committee has a large number of stems, fewer in number and more than 15 spindle-shaped orchards, and the lines are about to hand over. In 3 to 5 years, the backbone is gradually raised to 0.9 to 1.2 meters, and the tree height falls from 4 meters to 3.2 meters.
3. Slimming: This method is used for the general central stem branch with a small number of more than 15 spindle-shaped orchards, and the line is about to be handed over. First, remove the three main branches of the lower part year by year and lift them to more than 80 cm. The removal of the upper main branch is too large. When the remaining branches are too dense, they can be removed. Generally, they are retained, and three sagittal wounds are pulled from the base.
This technology has been extensively demonstrated and promoted in major apple producing areas in seven provinces including Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei and Liaoning. After three years of implementation, the light conditions in the orchard are significantly improved. The average light transmittance can reach more than 25%. The apple yield is increased by more than 15%. The quality of apples is obviously improved. The high quality fruit rate can be increased from 30% to more than 60%, and pests and diseases occur. The rate is significantly reduced.
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