In August, apples, pears and citrus are in their swelling period. Seeing the fruits become full day by day, a bumper harvest seems to be in sight. However, the swelling of the fruit also means an increase in nutritional requirements. How to carry out scientific fertilization to supplement nutrients is a problem that every fruit grower must face. Today, this edition invites experts to explain the key points of fertilization for apples, pears and oranges during the expansion period for fruit farmers.
apple
In August, the new shoots of the apple tree stopped growing, and the whole plant entered a period of rapid fruit expansion. To ensure high yield and high quality, the tree should be supplemented with nutrients in time. At this time, most areas of our country are in the same season of rain and heat. If the fertilization method is not correct, it will easily lead to poor fruit coloration, low sugar content, excessive growth of the tree body, uncapped autumn shoots, and insufficient growth of branches. It even affects the safe overwintering of the tree.
At this time, fruit growers should supplement potassium fertilizer as the main supplement, supplemented by phosphate fertilizer, and supplement nitrogen fertilizer in an appropriate amount according to the growth status of the tree and the previous fertilization situation. Due to the cloudy and rainy season, the tree is prone to lack of calcium, magnesium, iron, etc., so it can be supplemented by foliar spraying.
Macronutrient fertilizer application
It is recommended to use potassium fertilizer as the main fertilizer, supplemented by phosphate fertilizer, and add nitrogen fertilizer in an appropriate amount according to the growth of the tree. There are many long shoots and thick, thick, dark green, shiny tree body that grows vigorously. It is recommended to apply potassium sulfate 1~1.25 kg and diammonium phosphate 0.5~0.75 kg per plant; there are few long shoots, short new shoots and weak leaves. For trees with yellow-green color and smaller fruit size than the same period, it is recommended to apply 1~1.25 kg potassium sulfate, 0.5~0.75 kg diammonium phosphate and 0.15~0.25 kg urea per plant.
Medium and trace element fertilizer application
Calcium fertilizer should be drained in time in rainy season, and nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at the right time to promote the absorption of calcium by plants. Proper application of lime in the acid soil orchard can neutralize the acidity of the soil, increase the content of replaceable calcium in the soil, and reduce calcium deficiency. For fruit trees with severe calcium deficiency, spray 1000 to 1500 times calcium nitrate solution on the foliage during the growing season. The key part of the spray is the depression of the fruit's calyx, usually 1 to 2 times.
The reasons for iron deficiency in iron-fertilized fruit trees are more complicated. Generally, there is no iron deficiency in the soil. It is only due to excessive soil alkalinity, too little organic matter, soil impermeability or soil salinization, etc., and the salt content of the topsoil increases. The iron that can be absorbed becomes unabsorbable. Attention should be paid to improving the soil, draining water, aeration, and reducing salinity. It is recommended to use fulvic acid diamine iron 200 times liquid or amino acid iron fertilizer foliar spray or 0.2% ferrous sulfate, iron citrate plus 0.1% urea or organic chelated iron liquid.
For fruit trees with mild magnesium deficiency, spray 1%~2% magnesium sulfate solution on the leaves for 1~2 times. For fruit trees with heavier magnesium deficiency, magnesium sulfate can be mixed with organic fertilizer for root application, applying 1 to 1.5 kg of magnesium sulfate per mu. In acidic soil, applying magnesium lime or magnesium carbonate can neutralize the acidity of the soil.
Fertilization method
Ring furrow fertilization method This method is particularly suitable for saplings to apply basal fertilizer. The method is to dig a 30-40 cm wide and 15-25 cm deep circular trench around the canopy, and then mix the topsoil with chemical fertilizer.
Strip furrow fertilization method: Dig 1-2 long strip furrows with a width of 50 cm and a depth of 15-25 cm between fruit trees or between trees, and then fertilize and cover the soil. This method is suitable for mature orchards.
The radial furrow fertilization method is to dig 6 to 8 radial furrows at a distance of 1 meter from the trunk. The furrow is 30 to 60 cm wide, 15 to 25 cm deep, and the length reaches the outer edge of the trunk. Cover the soil after applying fertilizer to the ditch. This method is suitable for mature orchards.
Young fruit trees should be fertilized with circular furrows or radial furrows, and adult trees should be fertilized with radial furrows or strip furrows (ditching between rows or between plants). Li Zhuang, Institute of Fruit Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
pear
August is the period of rapid expansion of late-ripening pear fruits, and fruit growers should achieve the "three in one" of fertile soil, strong trees and roots. This is not only related to the quality and efficiency of the pear fruit that year, but also related to the output and income of the pear orchard in the following year.
Fertile soil is fundamental
Improving the soil and raising fertility are fundamental measures to ensure the healthy growth of trees and the good development of fruits. Planting grass between rows of pear orchard, covering with tree trays, and pressing green manure are effective measures to improve the soil of pear orchard during this period.
For pear orchards with grass growing between rows, at this time it coincides with the same season of rain and heat, and the grass grows luxuriantly. The grass with a growth height of 30-40 cm should be mowed in time, and the stubble height should be 10-20 cm. The rain is abundant. Keep short stubble in areas and high stubble in dry areas. The mowed grass directly covers the tree tray.
During this period, soil microbial activities are vigorous, and organic materials such as straws decompose quickly. It can cover various crop straws (such as corn, rice, wheat, bean straw, etc.), weeds and discarded branches pruned in summer in orchards, etc. For organic materials, the thickness of the cover should be 15 cm, and the root neck should not be covered within 20~30 cm, so as to avoid waterlogging and suffocation and rot of the root neck.
For pear orchards where green manure crops such as sesame seeds, vetch and alfalfa are grown, in-situ pressing can be carried out at a depth of 10-15 cm; fertilization trenches can also be dug in the row to cut the green manure crops. Press into the fertilization ditch, the pressing amount of green manure for 1-3 year old young trees is 3~5 kg, and the pressing amount of green manure for big trees in full fruit period is 20-25 kg.
Strong tree is the key
Fertilization is a key measure to ensure the healthy growth of the tree. During the pear fruit swelling period, it can be flushed with biogas slurry fertilizer, each plant flushed with 60% biogas slurry 5 kg, flushed once every 15 days, after flushing, watered with appropriate amount of water. This period is the critical period for the growth of new shoots, the differentiation of flower buds and the expansion of fruits. To control the application of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, 100 kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer or 10 kg of high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer can be applied per mu.
At this time, leaf fertilizer can also be sprayed, 0.3%~0.5% urea, 0.3%~0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed, for fruit trees with nutrient deficiency, 0.1%~0.3% borax can be sprayed as appropriate , 0.5% zinc sulfate and 0.3%~0.5% ferrous sulfate.
Root cultivation is the foundation
The pear tree is a tree species with weak physiological drought tolerance and requires a large amount of water. This period is the critical period of water demand for pear trees. The root system (especially the shallow root system) is easily affected by high temperature and drought. Therefore, it is necessary to timely and appropriate irrigation to ensure The normal growth of the tree and the rapid expansion of the fruit. For pear orchards in low-lying areas with high groundwater levels, or pear orchards where water accumulation occurs during the rainy season, the ditches and ditching shall be opened in time to drain water; the pear orchards with waterlogging shall be timely loosened the soil deposited on the tree trays and the rhizosphere soil shall be properly stripped Dry the roots for 2 to 3 days to ensure the normal breathing of the root system. Zhao Deying, Institute of Fruit Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Tangerine
August to September is the peak period of citrus fruit swelling and autumn shoot growth. In order to achieve a balance between citrus vegetative growth and reproductive growth, it is necessary to observe trees and fertilize and coordinate nutrition. Trees with large trees, many fruits, and nutrient failures should use more strong fruit fertilizers, and a reasonable combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to fully meet the nutrient needs of fruit expansion and new shoot growth. For young trees with less fruit and vigorous growth, apply less fertilizer appropriately, especially control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer to prevent excessive growth and improve quality. Insist on the combination of ground fertilization and foliar fertilization. In the late stage of fruit expansion, spray 0.2% to 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or compound fertilizer or 20% plant ash extract and 1% superphosphate extract, 0.03% to 0.05% nitric acid. Rare earths.
At this time, the citrus producing areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are vulnerable to regular autumn droughts, causing small citrus fruits, sunburn, cracking, and fruit dropping, which reduce yield and quality. Therefore, strengthening drought prevention is the key. Conditional orange orchards should be irrigated in time; mountain orange orchards should be covered with grass to prevent moisture and drought; strengthen cultivating loose soil to prevent soil moisture, prevent soil compaction and reduce water evaporation; apply drought-resistant water-retaining agent in soil, spray aspirin on foliage, etc. Steam inhibitors reduce the evaporation loss of water in the soil and trees; spray water on the leaves in dry weather to increase air humidity, achieve water, fertilizer, gas, and heat coordination, and prevent drought and high temperature. However, irrigation should be stopped 20 days before fruit picking to reduce cell water content, increase solid content, promote early maturity, and enhance storability.
In the late stage of fruit expansion, foliar spraying fertilizers can be used to improve fruit quality, such as 0.2%~0.3% Baumedo lime sulfur mixture; 0.03%~0.05% rare earth liquid; 300~500 times rice vinegar liquid. Doing so can inhibit the growth of autumn shoots, reduce the ineffective consumption of nutrients, increase nutrient accumulation, promote fruit expansion, and increase sugar content.
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