In recent years, the export of China's cabbage products to Japan and Southeast Asia, especially winter cabbage, has been deeply loved by consumers in various countries. In addition, the market demand is very large, which has led to the rapid growth of the winter cabbage cultivation area. However, at the same time, the increase in pesticides, hormones, and fertilizers has led to increasingly serious problems such as ecological environmental pollution and product quality decline. Yudong is the main grain production area in China, and it mainly adopts a separate cropping pattern from food crops and vegetables. In response to this situation, the author carried out experiments on the interplanting cultivation of winter cabbage and wheat in the Shangqiu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, making full use of the advantages of overwintering cabbage and wheat intercropping to avoid the high incidence of pests and diseases in overwintering cabbage production. At present, 333,000 hm2 has been promoted and applied in the local area, and significant yield increase and social benefits have been achieved.
The planting pattern is to make rakes before wheat sowing, with 1.7m as a planting belt, sowing 4 rows of wheat occupies a land width of 70cm, and planting 2 rows of cabbage to occupy a width of 100cm. On October 5-15, sowing wheat, sowing rate of 5kg per 667m2, cultivation technology and conventional management techniques are the same, but pest and disease control should be in accordance with pollution-free standards, avoid the use of high-toxicity, high-residue pesticides. The winter cabbage is planted at the end of October to November 25, with a spacing of 50cm, plant spacing of 40cm, planting of 2,000-2200 plants per 667m2, generally listed before and after the beginning of May of the following year, until the harvest of cabbage is cleared after the harvest, 15-20d (days) can be sowed in advance. . The pollution-free overwintering cabbage high-yielding cultivation techniques are described below.
1. Use high quality varieties
Should select high-quality, high-yield, disease-resistant, anti-fissure ball, strong cold resistance, strong winter and resistance to early bolting of winter cabbage varieties as the main cultivars, at present, the eastern region of Henan can choose Shangcai No. 1, spring, world Nong 301 Cabbage, Chunfeng No. 1, Xue Lan Wang, Zhong Gan No. 17, Zhong Gan No. 21 and so on.
2. timely sowing and planting
The winter cabbage growing time is generally from September 25 to October 15. 2 to 3 days before seedling breeding (days) to increase seed germination and germination rate. Nursery beds should be selected from 2 to 3 years (years) of uncultivated cruciferous vegetables, high topography, good drainage and irrigation, and fertile soil. Seedlings are seedlings with two leaves and one seedling at a distance of 6-8 cm. Strong seedling standard: with 5 to 6 true leaves, dark green leaves, leaf hypertrophy, short internodes, thick stems, no long migration, neat seedlings, well-developed root system. Seedlings were planted in the field for 35 to 40 days (days), and seedling colonization with uniform uniformity was selected.
3. Scientific formula fertilization
The amount of fertilizer used for pollution-free overwintering cabbage can be determined based on soil fertility and the requirements for yield levels. General fertility level, the yield of winter cabbage for each 667m2 to reach about 2300kg, every 667m2 quality organic fertilizer should be applied 4000 ~ 5000kg, urea 40kg, superphosphate 100kg, potassium chloride 15kg. The output per 667m2 should reach 2600-3500kg, and the amount of fertilizer should be increased by 20%-25% on the above basis. In addition can be combined with the use of microbial fertilizers, available EM original dew 2kg per 667m2 and seedbed soil mixed after planting seedlings, EM can also be used exposed 3kg and farmyard fertilizer or chemical fertilizer as a base fertilizer or top dressing.
In the cabbage rosette stage, early ball stage or mid-ball stage, the top dressing was applied twice. After each 667m2 rosette stage, 15kg of urea was collected and during the ball stage, 20kg of urea was collected.
4. Field management
After the cabbage seedlings are planted, they are lightly-irrigated for 1 or 2 times with slow seedlings, timely cultivating seedlings, and the first cultivating should be deep so as to facilitate preservation and promote growth. Before the winter, the seedlings should keep 6 to 7 leaves and the stem diameter should not exceed 0.5 cm. Pour water 1 times before winter, but the water should not be too large. After irrigating, the loose soil will be breathable and the ground temperature will be raised to ensure that cabbage will pass winter.
Warm winter light and high temperature, cabbage plants grow faster, more leaves, stems more than 0.5cm, easy to vernal flowering. Such as the warm winter of 2006. Encountered in such a year can take control of measures to stop fertilizer top dressing, reduce nutrient supply, deep cultivator, and diligent cultivator. Do not pour water, do not cover the mulch, which can effectively prevent the unripe winter cabbage first twitch.
In winter, the year of planting should be followed by filming to increase the ground temperature and accelerate the growth rate of seedlings. In the second and third quarter of the following year, the membrane should be broken and the seedlings should be placed. The opening of the plastic film should be sealed with wet soil. At the beginning of March, Dashui Fertilizer promoted the seedlings and promoted it to the end. Water was stopped 10 days before harvest (days) to prevent cracking of cabbage and affect commercial property.
If the seedlings are too large when planting, they should be covered later. If the stem diameter of cabbage seedlings before overwintering exceeds 0.5 cm and the true leaves exceed 7 slices, the roots must be cut to prevent their growth.
5. Pest control
Take precautions to control the occurrence of pests and diseases. Cabbage to control the middle of the ball aphids, cabbage caterpillars, diamondback moth. The aphids were sprayed with 50% Kangweiwei WP 2000-3000 times or 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1500 times, sprayed once every 5-7 days (days), and continuously controlled 3 times. The cabbage caterpillar can be sprayed with 500 to 800 times Bt emulsion, or 2.5% deltamethrin cream 3000 times. Plutella xylostella can be biologically controlled by spraying 500 to 1000 times of Bt emulsion.
6. timely harvest
In early May of the following year, the winter cabbage has different degrees of growth and has to be harvested in batches, with a few extra leaves at the time of harvest to prevent damage to cabbage during transport.
7. Benefit analysis
The output of wheat is generally 300kg per 667m2, and the output value is about 480yuan. The yield of cabbage is 2852kg per 667m2, and the output value is about 1720 yuan. The total output value is about 2200 yuan per 667m2, and the net income is about 1600 yuan [average of nearly 3 years (years)]. Compared with the normal mode of wheat production in large areas, the net income per 667m2 is about 1200 yuan more.
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