Reporter: Professor Chen, some farmers have spent money on chemical fertilizers, but their application effect is not satisfactory. What is going on?
Expert: This question is very good. It's not uncommon to spend money on chemical fertilizers, but it's not always effective. This is because fertilization is a technically strong increase in production. The amount of fertilization is just a specific technology in fertilization technology, not its full content. Fertilization technology includes six aspects: 1. Fertilizer type or variety; 2. Fertilizer amount; 3. Nutrition and distribution ratio; 4. Fertilization period; 5. Fertilization methods and methods; 6. Fertilization location. Each of these specific fertilization techniques is closely related to the effect of fertilization.
Reporter: How can farmers master the specific technology of fertilizer types or varieties?
Expert: In a word, fertilization is the right way. Now I talk about this issue.
First, we must make rational use of various organic fertilizers based on local fertilizer sources. Rational application of organic fertilizers can not only provide a variety of nutrients for crops, but also play an important role in improving the soil. In addition, there are also benefits of reducing environmental pollution.
Second, according to the nutritional characteristics of crops, rational use of various types of fertilizers. For example, food crops should have more N and P fertilizers. In addition to N and P fertilizers, cash crops should also be formulated with appropriate amounts of potash fertilizer. In addition to applying NPK fertilizer to fruit trees, it is also very important to spray micronutrients on the leaves. Chloride-containing fertilizers should not be applied to crops that are sensitive to chlorine.
Third, we must use chemical fertilizers according to soil conditions. For example, nitrate nitrogen fertilizers should not be applied in paddy fields, phosphate rock powder should not be used on calcareous soils, and chlorinated fertilizers should not be used on saline soils.
Reporter: Professor Chen, you can't underestimate the specific fertilization techniques. I heard that determining the amount of fertilizer is the core of fertilization technology. How should this problem be understood?
Experts: This question should be seen this way. The amount of fertilizer determined by farmers based on experience is often unscientific, and the result is not high or insufficient. Even if other specific fertilization techniques are reasonable, it is difficult to obtain high yields due to high fertilization, and at the same time, fertilizer is also wasted. The insufficient amount of fertilizer can not meet the demand of crops for nutrients in a timely manner, and it is difficult to exert the land's potential for yield increase. Therefore, determining the amount of fertilizer is the core issue in fertilizer technology.
Reporter: How should fertility ratio be applied?
Experts: Balanced fertilization is a new technology with high yield, high quality and high efficiency. For high-yield fields, it is often more important to coordinate the nutrient ratio of fertilization and to exert the superiority of balanced fertilization than to increase the input of certain nutrients. At present, the proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients applied is generally 1:0.5, but farmers should be reminded that the nutrient ratio is not constant, especially for long-term application of diammonium phosphate, and the soil available phosphorus content increases rapidly. The nutrient ratio should be adjusted in time in order to give full play to the role of balanced fertilization.
Expert Tips:
1. Fertilization is a highly technical increase in production. It consists of six specific items, of which fertilization is a core issue and is very important.
2. According to the nutritional characteristics of the crop, soil conditions and fertilizer properties, a reasonable fertilization. In a word, fertilization is the right way.
3. Fertilizer nutrient ratio is not fixed. Should be adjusted according to the changes in soil nutrients, so as to meet the principle of balanced fertilization, thereby increasing fertilizer efficiency.
Experts: Today I will go on to discuss the other three aspects: fertilization, fertilization methods and methods, and fertilization locations. Fertilization should seize two key fertilization periods. One is the critical period of crop nutrition, which is generally at the seedling stage. This period is characterized by the fact that the crop needs nutrients is not much, but it is urgent, if there is no nutrient, it will be the future growth and development. great influence. The other is the period of maximum efficiency of fertilizers, which is usually when the crop is growing vigorously. At this time, the amount of nutrients needed is large, and the top dressing effect is very good. For example, corn is in the big bell-mouth period, wheat is at the jointing booting stage and cotton is in the flowering and boll stage. In addition, peasant friends should appropriately adjust the topdressing time and amount of fertilizer according to the principle of “looking forward, looking after, looking at the timeâ€.
Reporter: Then, how should farmers' friends master the methods and methods of fertilization?
Experts: First talk about fertilization. A complete crop fertilization program consists of three fertilization methods: base fertilizer, seed fertilizer, and top dressing. Basal fertilizers are fertilizers applied before or during the planting of crops. Organic fertilizers are the main fertilizer, and part of the fertilizer is often used in combination. Fertilizer is the fertilizer applied near the seed when the crop is sown, mainly for the nutrient used during the seedling period. Top dressing is a fertilizer applied during the growth of a crop. It can timely meet the nutrient requirements in the later stages of the crop. Top dressing mainly uses chemical nitrogen fertilizer. It should be pointed out that the three fertilization methods should be flexible and should not be forced to be consistent.
Second, talk about fertilizer methods. Basal fertilizer is generally effective in autumn, because the autumn basal fertilizer can be combined with the ground and can ensure the depth of fertilizer application. When basal fertilizer is applied in the spring in North China, the soil is easy to run and is not conducive to emergence.
Reporter: Professor Chen, what are the technical requirements for top-up chemical fertilizers?
Experts: The principle behind topdressing chemical fertilizers is that all ammonium nitrogen fertilizers and urea should be deep-buried to reduce nutrient losses and increase fertilizer utilization. Farmers' friends understand that chemically unstable ammonium bicarbonate needs to be covered with soil. However, it is not understandable to apply chemically stable urea to deep soil. Actually, the applied urea is chemically changed in soil and is similar to ammonium bicarbonate. , can also cause loss of nutrients. For densely planted crops such as wheat and millet, it is difficult to topically apply fertilizer when topdressing, and it is only possible to sprinkle, but it must be watered immediately after application. Chemical phosphorus fertilizer has small mobility in the soil, and its deep application and concentrated application effect are good. Fertilizers should be encouraged to be applied to foliar sprays, and the application of liquid micro-fertilizers to foliar surfaces is better than using soil micro-fertilizers.
Reporter: Finally, Professor Chen asked why the location of fertilization is important, okay?
Expert: OK. For example, for medium-tillage crops such as corn and cotton, topdressing should be combined with cultivating to adopt lateral lower fertilization. Farmers are accustomed to applying chemical fertilizers on the surface near the plants. This is wrong. Fertilizers should be applied to soil layers with more roots to facilitate the absorption of nutrients from the crop roots, because the root hair area is the most active area for nutrient absorption.
Expert Tips:
1. Fertilization should seize two key fertilization periods. The first is the critical period of nutrition, which is usually at the seedling stage. The second is the maximum efficiency period of the fertilizer, which is generally during the period when the crop grows vigorously.
2. The three fertilization methods of basal fertilizer, seed fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer should be controlled flexibly, and do not insist on the same. In the fertilization method, all ammonium nitrogen fertilizers and urea should be deeply applied to the soil; water-soluble phosphate fertilizers should be used in a centralized manner.
3. Fertilization should also pay attention to the location of fertilization. Fertilizer should be applied to the soil layer where the root system is concentrated to absorb and utilize the root system.
4. Fertilization is a highly technical increase in production. Comprehensive use of various fertilization techniques can give full play to the greatest benefits of fertilization.
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