Environmental protection, farmers can also contribute
The times have improved and the society has progressed, but as a result of progress, the environment around us is getting worse and worse. It was only in recent years that we realized the significance of the word “environmental protection,†even though we understand the word “environmental protection.†Meaning, but we have paid too much. Since we live on the earth, we are obliged to protect the earth. Although we do not necessarily invest in environmental protection, as long as we reduce the damage to the environment, we are contributing to the environmental protection of the earth.
So how should we do it?
First of all, we must start with small things. These details will not be mentioned. What I would like to mention today is the consequences of large-scale farming. Why should we say this? First of all, people want to eat meat. If China's 1.3 billion people eat a piece of meat every day, then we need thousands of large-scale farms to support people's consumption. What kind of consequences will the resulting large-scale farming produce?
There are three main contaminants that cause pollution to the environment on large-scale pig farms: manure, sewage, and foul odors. 1. Analysis of fecal contamination According to the analysis of test data, each pig produces approximately 5.5 liters of excreta per day (excluding flushing waste), excreting approximately 9.53 kg of nitrogen per year. A 10,000-pig farm (in terms of medium-sized pigs) discharges at least 12,600 tons of manure every year around the farm. Because the nitrogen absorption rate of pigs in feed is very low, a large amount of nitrogen accumulates in the soil after it is excreted in the body. , Exceeding the ecological environment recycling demand per unit area. Moreover, the erosion of rainwater can cause pollution of groundwater sources and surface water sources. And feces contain a lot of substances that cause serious environmental pollution. 2. Wastewater Due to the long-term pursuit of economic benefits from livestock and poultry breeding companies in China, the environmental protection awareness is extremely poor and the management of waste sewage is backward, resulting in direct loss of large amounts of manure along with flushing water, and even direct discharge of manure into rivers. The water quality of the big rivers. The biochemical indicators in the sewage discharged from pig farms are extremely high. COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biological oxygen demand) far exceed the national standard. High concentrations of organic wastewater are discharged into rivers and lakes, causing continuous deterioration of water quality. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the wastewater are important causes of eutrophication of the water, causing overgrowth of algae, resulting in massive fish mortality (Roland et al.) Serious threat to the development of aquaculture. Livestock and poultry manure pollutants not only pollute the surface water, but also cause the nitrate content in the surface water to exceed the allowable range (50mg/L). The poisonous and harmful components also easily enter the groundwater and seriously pollute the groundwater. Once groundwater is contaminated, it is extremely difficult to remediate and recover, and it will cause more persistent pollution. At the same time, the pig farm pollutes the surrounding environment and also pollutes its own environment, which seriously affects the sustainable development of the livestock husbandry industry. 3. The odor of odor and ammonia feces refers to the volatile components contained in the feces or released during storage. Due to the fact that large-scale pig farms have not handled the excrement effectively, a considerable part of the pig farm emits a very unpleasant odor, which seriously pollutes the living environment of the surrounding residents. There are currently 160 volatile components identified from feces (O, Neill and Philips). More than 80 nitrogenous compounds have also been found in excreta, 10 of which are related to bad odors. Reducing the excretion of nitrogen in the feces reduces the volatile substances in the feces, thereby reducing the odor of the feces. Hobbs et al. Studies have shown that reducing protein levels and ideal protein intake in the diet will significantly reduce the content of multiple volatile components in the feces. In addition, excrement produces NH3, SO2, NO2, amines and amino acid derivatives during fermentation. Although there is little correlation between ammonia gas and fecal odor, a large number of studies have shown that high ammonia concentration in the environment will affect animal performance and health status, animal feed intake and daily weight gain, pneumonia incidence, sexual maturity put off. Therefore, people are still actively taking measures to reduce ammonia emissions. Therefore, in China, just breeding this item can be regarded as serious pollution. Then should we not eat meat for the sake of our living environment? I think most people can't accept this matter! So what should we do? The times have improved, and science has improved. So this situation also has a solution. The fermentation bed has been a problem often discussed by fish farmers in the past few years. It has the advantages of environmental protection, zero emission, and early slaughter. However, due to the immature technology and the differences in various strains of bacteria, the high failure rate of the fermentation bed has resulted. Most people have been chilled by the fermentation beds, and even worse, they have become so famous in the various forums that the current farmers have changed their beds. Is the fermentation bed really bad? Fermentation beds can be divided into dry spread fermentation beds and wet fermentation beds from the operation. As the name implies, dry sprinklers do not add water, while wet ones require the addition of water. So here I compare the differences between the two types of fermentation beds. First, the use of litter material selection Fermented mattress material raw materials to meet the carbon and nitrogen ratio (carbon and nitrogen content ratio), high carbohydrate content, loose porous breathable, absorbent adsorption performance, fineness, non-toxic harmless , Convenient collection, low price and other requirements.
Wet-type fermentation beds generally use sawdust and rice hulls as a mixture of litter. Although the carbon-nitrogen ratio of sawdust is highest in almost all raw materials, the adsorption performance is also good, but the breathability after water absorption is poor, so it is necessary to incorporate non-bonded, air-permeable rice husks to increase the air permeability.
The dry-sparing fermentation bed requires lax raw materials. Sawdust or rice husk can be used alone, or sawdust and rice hull can be mixed in any ratio. In addition to sawdust and rice husks, a variety of raw materials can be used to replace part or all of them. Such as shavings, cotton rods, wheat straw, corn stalks, corn cobs and peanut shells. It can collect raw materials according to local conditions and reduce costs. The use of these alternative raw materials alone in the lower layer of the dry-type fermentation bed hardly affects the use effect. For example: Golden treasure dry eco-fermentation bed.
Second, the fermentation bed laying operation compared to the wet fermentation bed laying operation method is to first add litter material and bacteria (water content of the mat reaches 50-60%), and then ferment for 10 to 15 days, during the fermentation process To overturn. The fermented litter turned over again, so that it was filled into the fermentation tank after the heat was dissipated, and it was rested for one or two days to feed the pigs. The purpose of the fermentation in advance is to expand the fermentation of functional bacteria, at the same time through the fermentation of micro-ecological environment and high temperatures to kill other bacteria.
The dry-sweeping fermentation bed technology is a new method that can be used to pad the padding material and spread the padding material immediately after spreading the padding material into the fermentation tank and simply mixing the bacteria. No water is added to the litter and it is not fermented in advance. Only after the pig urine enters, the fermentation process starts.
The dry spreader bed is easy to operate. It requires about 0.03 labors per square meter. The laying of wet-type fermentation beds is not only time-consuming, but also has a lot of workmanship. It takes about 0.3 man-hours per square meter. The difference between the two methods is about 10 times. For example: Golden treasure dry eco-fermentation bed.
The wet-type fermentation bed not only uses bacteria when litter is laid, but also adds additives such as coarse salt and mud to the litter, and adds the fungicide to the feed and drinking water. Some need to regularly spray nutrients. The dry spreader bed does not require these operations, saving labor and investment.
The fermentation in the wet fermentation bed consumes some of the nutrients in the litter and shortens the life of the litter. The dry-type fermentation bed does not ferment in advance, so that the litter to maximize the role of fermentation.
Third, the thickness of the mat compared to wet fermentation mattress material thickness 80-100?.
The wet litter has a poor heat preservation effect, and when the litter is thin, it can not allow the intermediate fermentation layer to accumulate a higher fermentation temperature, nor can it guarantee sufficient fermentation space per unit area.
The thickness of the dry fermentation mattress requires 40-60?, which is 40% thinner than the wet fermentation bed. This saves litter investment and reduces the cost of the fermentation tank construction.
The surface layer (about 10?) of the dry fermentation mattress material mainly serves as a protection and buffer, and the fermentation efficiency is low. The lower layer of the litter (10-15?) also plays a role in protecting the fermentation layer, generally does not ferment, and only maintains the state of the original dry litter. The core layer of fermentation is generally 30 in the middle. Fourth, the impact of litter moisture content on pigs dry mat material heat transfer is slow, conducive to the fermentation layer of insulation, high fermentation efficiency, the same area than wet litter fermentation bed more than one third of the pig.
The litter is relatively dry, and the pig feels comfortable when lying down. In the hot days, the heat of the barrier layer is conducted to the pig, and the pig does not feel hot in the summer. For example: the golden treasure dry caesarean ecological fermentation bed Fifth, the dormancy performance compares the golden treasure dry ferments the fermented bedding, if does not have the feces urine enters the litter, will not start the fermentation process, at this moment the bacteria species is in the dormant state, short time There will be no major decline in internal vitality. Therefore, it is also possible to feed freshly laid dry fermentation beds for a period of time before feeding pigs. After the used dry-type fermentation bed, pigs can also be fed for a period of time. As long as the pigs are sterilized and landfilled after the pigs are raised, the pens are ventilated, and the feces and urine are evaporated and evaporated as soon as possible. If the wet fermentation bed is not fermented, the bacteria species will attenuate quickly in the wet environment, so it is not advisable to leave them empty for a long time.
6. Requirements for the cement bench in the circle The wet-type fermentation bed requires that a large area of ​​cement floor be retained in the pigsty in order to allow the pig to lie on the cement floor in hot weather to avoid the hot and humid heat on the fermented litter. This seems to be necessary in the wet fermentation bed technology, because there is no better solution to summer heat and humidity before this is a last resort. However, this approach brings at least three problems. First of all, the cement floor has no fermentation function, it is an invalid ground, and it is a waste of housing. Only the area of ​​fermented litter determines the number of pigs. Second, the excrement of pig's excreta needs to be manually cleaned on the concrete floor, which increases the workload and cannot be kept clean even if it is cleaned frequently. Third, feces and urine on the concrete floor maggots. In fact, the temperature on the concrete floor during the hot weather is consistent with the air temperature, and it is not cool.
In the technology of the Tycoon Dry Fermenting Bed, it is particularly emphasized that, except for the necessary walkways and water guides, do not build concrete floors. Not only does it increase the effective area, it also eliminates the hassle of cement tables. Seventh, the maintenance process compared to the dry-type fermentation mattress material less moisture, light padding, thin thickness, dry and loose middle and lower layers, not easy to compact, reducing the frequency of flip, turning is relatively light. It is much more laborious to turn and maintain the wet fermentation mattress material.
In addition to the cooling of the ventilation, the main measures of the wet fermentation bed in response to high temperatures include:
Cement benches are reserved for pigs to lie down; spray water on the litter inhibits the fermentation intensity and produces less heat.
The disadvantages of reserved cement tables have been analyzed. Reducing the heat of fermentation by spraying water will cause excrements to accumulate in the litter and affect the normal operation of the fermentation bed. Therefore, the wet fermentation bed is not ideal for solving high temperature problems.
The dry-sweeping fermentation bed is different from the high-temperature problem. In addition to ventilation measures, the dry spreader beds mainly use the following two measures.
Artificially divide the litter into a fermentation zone and a sleeping area. In the fermentation area, more excrement is buried. The sleeping area is not filled with excrement in principle, and the production of heat in the sleeping area is reduced. There was no excrement fermentation in the lying area. The litter not only kept dry but also kept the temperature before the hot weather. The temperature is not only higher than the temperature, but is a few degrees lower than the temperature. The pig feels cool while lying down. Lying for a long time, warm the surface of the litter, the pig will lie in a new place.
Cooler ventilation is used to cool down. The chiller, also called environmental protection air conditioning, is a device that uses water to evaporate the heat inside the enclosure. It is essentially a closed wet curtain, but it has higher ventilation and cooling efficiency than the wet screen, and it has less water vapor.
The chiller has the following advantages: high cooling efficiency; good ventilation and ventilation effect; low power consumption and low operating costs; and requires open housing in the process of operation, which is favorable to the exhaust gas and water vapor generated by fermentation.
The installation of a running cooler in summer and autumn can completely solve the problem of ventilation and cooling in hot weather, and is particularly suitable for fermentation bed housing. Eight, the service life Comparison Fermentation bed operating life depends on the following four factors.
One is the degree of litter decomposition, which determines whether litter can continue to support functional bacteria to degrade fecal urine. This depends on the original carbon content in the litter and whether it can be supplemented with new litter.
The second is the degree of nitrogen accumulation. Excessive accumulation of nitrogen causes a relative lack of carbon nutrition in the litter, which degrades the function of the fermentation bed. The accumulation of nitrogen depends on the efficiency of the degradation of excreta into gas and the renewal rate of litter.
Third, the degree of salt accumulation in litter. Excessive salt concentration will inhibit the viability of functional bacteria, reduce fermentation efficiency, and cause so-called salting.
The fourth is the vitality of bacteria. The strong viability of the strains not only has high fermentation efficiency, but also can inhibit the survival and reproduction of other bacteria.
The wet fermentation bed technology is at least insufficient in the following four aspects. One is that fermentation in advance consumes carbon nutrition in the litter and shortens the fermentation life of the litter. At the same time, under the moist condition, even if it does not participate in fermentation of excrement, its nutrients will slowly decompose and consume. The second is that in terms of carbon supplements, wet fermentation techniques do not allow adequate fermentation of litter, less litter for pigs, fewer new litters, and insufficient carbon nutrition. Third, the efficiency of producing ammonia and other gases in the fermentation process is low, and excrement is accumulated in the litter. The fourth is to add salt in advance to increase the salt concentration in the litter, and to supplement the new litter less can not fully dilute the salt concentration.
Therefore, the wet-type fermentation bed can only operate for two to three years even under well-maintained conditions, and the application fails more frequently.
The dry spreader bed better solves these four shortcomings. No advance fermentation, no obvious self-decomposition consumption, no waste of litter nutrition; complete decomposition of waste urine, less accumulated residual substances; no salt does not increase the burden of salt; supplement new bedding, increase carbon nutrient supply, dilute salt Concentration.
From a theoretical analysis, the dry spreader can run for many years. Practice has proved that as long as normal maintenance is maintained, the dry-sweeping fermentation bed is fully assured of continuous operation for more than three or five years. Even if the fermentation fails due to excessive accumulation of feces and urine, as long as the pigs are transferred and the fermentation bed is allowed to rest for two or three weeks, the excrement will be fermented and the water will evaporate, and the fermentation function will be fully restored.
From the above point of view, the advantage of the dry-sweeping fermentation bed is far more than that of the wet-type fermentation bed, but the initial investment in the wet-type fermentation bed is lower than the initial investment in the dry-sweeping fermentation bed, so some people who only pay attention to the immediate interests have chosen The wet fermentation bed has created the current situation. As long as our large-scale farms have achieved zero emissions and are participating in the environmental protection team, I believe our homes will be even better.
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