Feeding livestock directly with straw is a waste of large amounts and has low utilization rates and cannot meet the nutritional needs of livestock. In order to improve the nutritional value of straw and improve its palatability, two treatment methods are introduced. First, the physical processing method. The use of artificial and mechanical changes in the physical properties of straw, the straw cut short, torn, crushed, soaked and other processing. 1. Short-cutting and crushing: The crop stalks are cut and smashed by a cutting (powder) crusher, which facilitates chewing of domestic animals, reduces energy consumption, and can also increase feed intake, and reduce feed wastage in the feeding process. In addition, straws that have been chopped or shredded are also easy to mix with other feeds. Therefore, this is a common method for production. Tests have shown that when straw is chopped or crushed and fed to animals, the feed intake increases by 20-30%, and the daily gain increases by about 20%. And the finer the cut, the higher the digestibility. For example, the crop straw is crushed to a size of 4 mm and the digestibility is 29%; if it is crushed to 1 mm, the digestibility is 42%. Compared with the former, the latter increased the digestive rate by 44.8%. The results of animal experiments show that smashing can increase the feed intake of roughage and shorten the residence time of the feed in the rumen, resulting in a decrease in the digestibility of cellulose. After straw comminution, the rate of production of fatty acids and the ratio of propionic acid in the rumen increased, and at the same time, the number of ruminants in the animals decreased, resulting in a decrease in ruminal pH. Therefore, under what circumstances the cutting or crushing process should be based on the purpose of use and the type of livestock. Straw crushed after feeding, is conducive to fattening effect. 2. Soaking: Soak the crop stalks in a certain amount of water and then soak the stalks to feed the animals. This is also a simple physical treatment method. The soaked straw has a soft texture and can improve its palatability. In the production practice, the straw is generally first shredded and then soaked in water and mixed with fine material to improve the utilization of feed. If water is added to 75% of compound feed containing 25% or 45% of low-quality roughage, feeding cattle after soaking can increase feed intake and digestibility. For another example, after immersing the straw, feed it to the mixed feed in a ratio of 1:2 with the tuber feed, and the feed intake can reach 5 kilograms. The use of salted corn stalks to feed cattle (that is, when water soaked corn stalks, plus a little salt) is also effective, and is used more often in the Northeast. 3, cooking: The crop stalks placed in a container with a certain pressure for cooking, but also to improve the nutritional quality of straw. Cooking straw with steam has different effects at different temperatures and different cooking times. For example, if the cereal straws are boiled at 170°C for 60 minutes, the digestibility is 59%. If boiled for 90 minutes, the digestibility is only 57%. 4. Feed drying and particle post-treatment: The purpose of drying is to reduce moisture and preserve the feed. Artificially modulating hay can reduce the loss of nutrients, but after artificial drying, the solubility and digestibility of the nitrogen compounds in herbage will decrease. The granulation treatment is to granulate the straw and add a small amount of binder to make the pellet feed, so that the speed of the crushed roughage passing through the digestive tract is slowed to prevent the digestibility from falling. Feeding particles in the feed should be 6-8 mm. Second, the chemical treatment method 1, alkaline treatment: The use of sodium hydroxide, ammonia, lime water and urea and other basic compounds to deal with straw, are alkalized. Treatment of the straw with a basic compound can open alkali-labile ester bonds between cellulose and hemicellulose and lignin, dissolve the cellulose in the funnel and a portion of the lignin, and allow the fibers to swell, thereby allowing the ruminal fluid to penetrate easily. Chemical treatment can not only improve the digestibility of straw, but also improve palatability and increase feed intake. It is a more suitable straw treatment method in current production. 2. Acidification treatment: The straw is treated with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and formic acid, which is called acid treatment. The first two are mostly used for straw and wood processing by-products, and the latter two are mostly used to preserve silage. Acidification treatment can destroy the structure of the feed fiber material and improve the digestion and utilization of roughage by animals. For example, when straw is sprayed with 1% dilute sulfuric acid and 1% dilute hydrochloric acid, the digestibility can reach 65%; straw and wheat straw can be treated with hydrochloric acid steam and then air-dried after 5 hours of infiltration to increase the digestibility by 1 time. Because this treatment method has a high cost and is apt to bring about environmental pollution, it is not very adaptable in production. 3. Alkali-acid treatment: In order to solve the problem of residue in the straw after alkali treatment, alkali-acid composite treatment of straw can be used. The method is to first soak the shredded straw into the alkali solution, transfer the soaked straw into the cement pit, pressurize it for 1-2 days, and then put the straw into a 3% hydrochloric acid solution. The animal can be fed by neutralizing the remaining alkali and removing the used solution. The main disadvantage of this alkali-acid composite treatment is that the cost is too high and it is difficult to promote it in production practice. 4, oxidant treatment: The use of hydrogen peroxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone and other oxidants to deal with straw can reduce some of the lignin straw, thereby increasing the digestibility of straw. Now introduce one. 5. Sulfur dioxide treatment: 62.6 grams of sulfur dioxide per kilogram of straw dry matter was treated at a temperature of 70°C for 4 days. In the straws treated by this method, polysaccharides, cellulose and lignin were dissolved, and hemicellulose, lignin and insoluble ash were decreased by 21%, 1.1% and 0.9%, respectively, compared with untreated straw. The wheat straw treated had an in vitro digestibility increase of 40% and an in vivo digestibility increase of 19%. In the production practice, what kind of method should be adopted should be based on specific conditions and local conditions.
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