Select sheds and build sheds
1. Selected sheds: The terrain is flat and the ground is small. The sun is leeward, drainage is good, there is water nearby, and transportation is convenient.
2, build a shed: sunny shed is better from north to south, warm shed for the east to west is better, the main body is a brick structure. Sunlight greenhouses are generally 50-100 meters long, 12-15 meters wide, 3-4 meters high, shed and shed is 3-4 meters, the steel skeleton gap is 1-1.2 meters, can not exceed 1.3 meters. The greenhouse is generally 30-50 meters long, 2.7-3.3 meters high, 10-12 meters north-south between the shed and shed, and 6-8 meters east-west. Steel skeleton spacing 0.9-1 meters, can not exceed 1.1 meters. Films and fire heating are usually used. Other methods are also available.
3, the selection of film: selection of good quality, anti-aging, thickness of 0.8-10 mm or 10-12 mm film, white, good toughness, drop drop prevention fog film, film length is determined by the shed, film width 8 -10m is better.
Seedbed preparation
1. Seedbed construction: According to the width and width of the shed, the main design is to ensure that the locomotive can be transported with seedlings, artificial water spray, fertilization, and easy to use.
2, take seedlings soil: the requirements of excellent soil texture, no weed seeds, no pesticide residues, preferably wheat stubble or other crops without pesticide residue in the topsoil (except vegetables).
3. Sieve: Will be transported back to the soil, screened out debris, piled up for use.
4, nursery soil ratio: first nursery soil disinfection. Then use 1m3 sieved fine soil], add 0.5kg of imported compound fertilizer (including N16P16K16), 15kg of organic fertilizer, 25-30g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and disinfect soil with fungicide 75% and insecticide 0.1kg. Mix evenly and spare.
5. Bowling: Put the matching nursery soil into the nursery bowl. It must be filled with bowls and placed in rows. Each greenhouse should have 7 rows and 1.35 meters in width (16-17 bowls). 50 centimeters from the edge of the film, 30 centimeters between rows and rows, until sowing.
Nursery
1, sowing date
Mainly based on the final frost period and the size of the planting area in the region, the general nursery period begins in early April, every batch of 7-10 days for a sowing date.
2, species selection
Broccoli is a kind of vegetable that prefers coolness. It has strong growth potential, dark green buds, less buds, less spherical buds, less side buds, small buds, large bulbs, resistance to heat and cold, and wide adaptability. Variety. Such as: Japan's outstanding, Long-green, landscape, other varieties of jade crown, Oriental Green, green, green show, etc. or in accordance with market demand to choose all kinds of high-quality varieties. However, it must meet the national secondary seed standard before it can be used.
3, seed treatment
Ordinary seeds are to be removed from the mold, grains, worms, etc., or coated seeds are selected, and the imported seeds can be used directly.
4, sowing
Before sowing, the soil-filled nursery bowls are irrigated and sown every 1-2 days. Varieties use imported or domestic seeds, artificial seed or mechanical sowing. 10-15 grams of seeds per package, broadcast 0.8-1 acres of land, fertile 16-17 million / acre. The size of the nursery bowl is 8 cm in diameter, 8 cm in height, or 6 cm in diameter and 8 cm in height. Use your finger to press a small nest in the middle of the nursery bowl. Each seed has one seed (normal seed maximum two seeds). Can also be germination sowing seeds, soak the seeds with warm water at 50 °C for 20-30 minutes immediately after cooling into the cold water, dry and wrap with a damp cloth, placed at 20 °C -25 °C at the germination, rinse with water once a day, when 20 % Seeds sown when germinating. After sowing, fine 0.8-cm thick fine soil was spread with a fine sieve and then watered. Covering the film to keep it warm and heat, or using a bamboo basket to form a small shed, covered with plastic film, can also be warmed and kept warm by other methods. Facilitate germination and emergence, until seedling management.
5. Seedling management in the greenhouse
★ Temperature: The temperature before emergence is slightly higher. 30% of the seedlings are then removed and the plastic film is cooled. The temperature inside the tent is maintained at 20-25°C during the day and not less than 5°C during the night. Excessively high temperatures prevent leggy, too cold if the temperature is too low, and should be promptly released at temperatures exceeding 25°C to keep the temperature within the shed stable within the standard temperature. Specifically, the suitable daytime temperature from sowing to the seedling stage is 20-25°C, and the suitable temperature at night is 16-15°C; the suitable temperature in the daytime from seedlings to sub-seedling stage is 18-23°C, and the suitable temperature at night is 15-13. °C; suitable temperature during daytime from seedling to seedling stage is 20-25°C, suitable temperature at night is 16-14°C; suitable temperature during daytime before planting to planting is 18-23°C, suitable temperature is 15-12°C at night The suitable temperature in the daytime before planting to planting is 15-20°C, and the suitable temperature in the night is 10-8°C.
★ Moisture: With the growth of seedling age, the temperature inside the shed is higher, and evaporation consumes more water. It is required to pour water once every 3-5 days, each time it must be thoroughly drenched, and spray water mainly according to actual conditions. Artificial watering is generally used, and advanced watering facilities (micro-spraying, drip irrigation, etc.) can be used conditionally.
★ Split seedling (presumed plant): About 15 days after general sowing, seedlings (assumed plant) are started when the seedlings grow to 4 leaves. The day before the seedlings were divided, the seedlings were irrigated first, and then the seedlings were cut and rooted. The large and small seedlings will be divided, promote small seedlings, control large seedlings, in order to nurture strong seedlings and Qi Miao, after the seedlings take shade nets sunscreen cooling, while pouring water. The general seedlings grow in the greenhouse for 30-35 days, and the seedlings grow up to 6 leaves and begin to colonize and transplant. To ensure the consistency of seedling age is conducive to the same harvest period.
★ Management after sub-seedling: The key is to control the water and moisturize the seedlings before the seedlings are transferred to the seedlings, and it is beneficial to slow the seedlings in advance; the light and nutrition should be improved before the seedlings are grown to seedlings. And before the planting, proper training and seedling prevention will be conducted. Control pests and diseases to cultivate strong seedlings.
In hot weather, you need to cool the shade and pour water every morning and evening. To prevent leggy after easing the seedlings, change it to water once in the morning. Small and weak seedlings spray 2% urea solution once to promote seedling growth.
★ Weeding: Generally weeds are used instead of chemical weeding. Before the seedlings are unearthed, weeds are removed once. Then, the seedlings are once weeded once to the true leaf and one leaf, and weeding once before the seedlings, and weeding can also be performed when the density of the weeds reaches 3-5 plants per square meter.
★ Pest control: spraying green pollution-free pesticides, generally using the designated pesticide (except ordinary cultivation). The common pests and diseases at the seedling stage include damping-off, gray mold, diamondback moth, and triceps. In order to prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases, spray insecticides and fungicides are usually sprayed 2-3 times during the seedling stage. The spraying can be arranged 2 days before the seedlings (or the 2nd leaf leaf stage) and 5 days after the seedlings (or 5 days). 4 true leaves) and 3 days before colonization.
Preventing leggy seedlings
(1) Seeds should not be too dense seeding, a bowl of a grain, so as to avoid seedling seedlings crowded, emergence of tall seedlings.
(2) Remove the floor covering in time.
(3) and time seedlings, seedlings (assumed plant) and colonization. Separate large and small seedlings to increase the vegetative growth area of ​​each plant.
(4) Strengthen ventilation and light transmission, reduce temperature and moisture, and control overgrowth of seedlings.
(5) Rationalize fertilizer and water management. For the provision of nutritious soil, attention should be paid to the amount of phosphorus and potash fertilizer, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used, and watering control.
Production field selection
1. Ruokou: The best production field is wheat stubble, followed by corn, flax, soybean meal, no pesticide residue, and no vegetable mouthwash.
2. Residue test: Diagonal sampling method is adopted, and the soil samples are sent to provincial-level professional qualification organizations for testing to ensure that the pesticide chemical residues are within the allowable index standards.
3, selection of land: flat terrain, slow slope Kong, good drainage. Soil organic matter is rich in soil acidity and alkalinity (PH value 5.5-7.0). No herbicide residue, near or near the source of water or sprinkler irrigation facilities.
4. Site preparation: autumn and spring can be turned to the ground.
5, fertilization: Fertilization According to soil fertility, soil fertigation. Generally applied calcium magnesium phosphate or superphosphate, diammonium phosphate 50 kg/mu, compound fertilizer 25 kg/mu, potassium sulfate 15 kg/mu, borax 1 kg/mu. At the same time, combined with 3-5 tons of Mushi organic fertilizer.
6. Rigging: The flat and smashed plots will be applied to the base fertilizer and the mixed soil will be evenly distributed. The ridging and row spacing are 130 cm.
7. Transplanting (planting): When the broccoli seedlings grow in the greenhouse to achieve 6-leaves, the soil temperature of 10 cm above the soil temperature can be stabilized by more than 10°C, and the seedling age can be transplanted within 30-35 days.
8. Density: The density of species of erect species is higher. For late-maturing varieties, varieties with a large degree of leaf development should not be densely planted, which is beneficial to light and is conducive to improving the yield of flower bulbs. With large ridges and double rows on ridges, the plant spacing is generally 33-38 cm, double row spacing is 65 cm, and density is 2800-3100 plants/mu.
9. Begin to transport seedlings: Before transplanting, nursery bowls should be irrigated to prevent loose bowls and raise seedlings to reduce root damage. The seedlings are placed in special baskets to prevent them from being installed, and then transported to the production field for transplanting.
10. Transplanting methods: Artificial seedlings, planting seedlings, watering, sealing procedures or mechanical trenching seedlings, watering, and ridge closure procedures are used. Transplanting seedlings should be enclosed or the soil should not exceed the diameter of the leaflets. Can not be buried in the growing point, after transplanting must be poured (irrigation) permeable, is conducive to keeping seedlings.
11. Make up seedlings: Make up seedlings within 2 days after transplanting.
Field management
1. Retarded seedlings: The broccoli should be seeded in a timely manner within 2 days of transplanting, to provide sufficient nutrients and moisture, and to loosen soil to keep the underlying soil moist.
2, cultivating management: appropriate cultivator, eradication of weeds, cultivator in general once, deep loose combined with top dressing once, artificial grass in addition to two, should be early diligence.
3, top dressing methods: artificial or mechanical application of top dressing method, in the 7-10 days of planting, chase urea 5 kg / mu, potassium sulfate 10 / kg. 15-20 days to recover the second fertilizer, chase compound fertilizer 25 kg / mu, potassium sulfate 10 / kg. In the early stages of formation of bulbs, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, boron borax or 0.05%-0.10% borax and ammonium molybdate solutions are sprayed once. To improve the quality of flower bulbs and reduce the occurrence of Huang Lei and Jiao Lei. Simultaneously spraying plant growth agent to promote flower bulb enlargement, increase crop nutrition, and improve crop resistance to disease and resilience.
4. Irrigation method: Broccoli requires a little more water than other crops, except that the soil moisture should be properly controlled during the seedling stage. Every other growth and development period should ensure sufficient water. Artificial furrow irrigation or mechanical irrigation is generally used, and advanced sprinkler equipment is preferred.
5. Remove side branches: Top flowers are special varieties, and side branches (buds) should be removed before the appearance of flower balls. For the top-side curd and dual-use species, more lateral branches were selected, and generally the remaining strong lateral branches were removed from the remaining 1-2 to reduce nutrient consumption. When 60%-80% of the main stem bulbs are harvested, the topdressing water is applied and the growth of the lateral branch bulbs is accelerated. When the lateral flower bulbs grow to a diameter of about 10 cm, they are harvested.
6. Temperature: When the bulbs begin to form, the normal temperature is around 25°C. The high temperature of 30°C in the field cannot continuously exceed three days, and more than three days should be taken to control the temperature in time. Generally, artificial leaves are used to cover the flower bulbs, or to control the high temperature by using a cover material and artificial rainfall. To prevent the emergence of flower balls, Rayleigh, yellow grain, scattered ball.
7. Moisture: Broccoli has a relatively high moisture requirement and a large amount of leaf surface evaporation. The amount of water should be increased appropriately. Broccoli should maintain a field holding capacity of 60-70% in the colonization, seedling, rosette, and bulb stage. After each top dressing, it should be watered in a timely manner. After the rosette period, watering should be properly controlled. After the flower ball is 2-3 cm in diameter, it should be watered in time. After planting, they are usually watered 4-5 times, and watering is stopped 7 days before harvesting. Water can also be replenished timely according to the situation.
8, pest and disease prevention: Broccoli is a crucifer crop, according to the physiological characteristics of broccoli, prone to a variety of pests and diseases. After the transplant, the occurrence of pests and diseases should be promptly investigated. The inhalation agent should be used as a preventive agent and fumigation and contact should be taken as the control agent. The use of green, non-polluting pesticides for prevention and control, because of strict export testing, can not exceed the standard.
(1) Types of diseases: The main diseases of broccoli in the seedling stage are damping-off, blight, downy mildew, black spot, and bacterial black rot. Prevention and control should strengthen fertilizer and water management, rational planting, rotation and so on. 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 times solution, 60% antivirus 600 times solution, 72% agricultural streptomycin soluble powder 4000 times, 77% WP 500 times solution Or mixed spraying. Even spray 2-3 times
(2) Types of pests: The main insect pests of broccoli are Plutella xylostella, Pieris rapae, and aphids. The prevention and control methods are rationally arranged to avoid long-term continuous cropping of cruciferous vegetables and remove stubbles in the field.
(3) Ordinary planting of broccoli pesticides
1 Diseased pesticide use
A, downy mildew: Use 80% mancozeb 600 times liquid spray to prevent disease occurrence or control with 70% EDPH Mn-Zn 500 times or 60% antiviral 600 times. After the disease was found, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 times, or 72% cream urea manganese zinc 600-800 times. Or 69% ank manganese 500-600 times liquid spray, alternating, rotating use, continuous control 2-3 times.
B, melasma: At the beginning of the disease, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500-600 times solution was used to prevent and treat 2-3 times or 77% of the WP.
C, black rot: At the beginning of the disease, use 77% copper hydroxide wettable powder 500 times, or 72% agricultural streptomycin soluble powder 4000 times, spray 2-3 times.
D, Sclerotinia: Use 40% sclerotin net 1500-2000 times solution, or 50% pyhmanthus agent 1000-1200 times solution, start the drug in the early stage of the disease, continuous prevention and treatment 2-3 times.
E, soft rot disease: with 72% of the streptomycin soluble powder 4000 times, or 77% of copper hydroxide 400-600 times the liquid, the beginning of the disease began to use drugs, continuous control 2-3 times.
2 Pesticide use of pests
A, Pieris rapae: egg incubation hatching period selection of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) WP 1000 times, or 5% dinosaurs 1500-2500 times spray. In the peak period of young instar larvae, 2.5% of cypermethrin EC 2500-5000 times, or 50% of phoxim EC 1000 times, or 1.8% of avermectin 3000-4000 times is used for spraying.
B. Plutella xylostella: 5% fipronil suspension per 667 M2, 17mL-34mL, water 50L-75L, or 5% Dingchong EC 1500-2000 times, or 1.8% blister, at the height of the 2nd instar larvae. Oral cream 3000 times solution, or Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) WP 1000 times spray. The above medicines should be rotated and used interchangeably.
C, aphids: with 50% anti-inferiority WP 2000-3000 times, even spray 2-3 times, or with 5% high efficiency cypermethrin EC 1000 times or 2.5% fast kill Ling EC 1000 times liquid control. Appropriate amount of spreading agent can be added when using medicine.
D. Noctuidae pests: use 5% Dingchong Emulsion Oil 1500-2500 times before the third instar of the larvae, or 375 times the 37.5% sulfur diclofenac suspension, or 52.25% of the high chlorine emulsion 1000 times, or 20% tebufenozide 1000 times spray, sunny evening medication, cloudy all day medication.
(4) Control methods: Arrange rotations reasonably, clean the pastoral areas, select disease-resistant varieties, and cultivate strong seedlings for agricultural control methods. The chemical control methods of artificial and mechanical dusting and spraying, the use of black (white) fluorescent lamps to attract insects, insecticides, and the physical control methods of pest control network pest control.
Harvesting method
It is prohibited to use various pesticides two weeks before harvest. Take artificial harvesting methods to harvest the best in the early morning and early evening. The harvesting standard is: the export standard is determined according to different requirements, generally the flower ball is 11.5-14 cm, the garland shank length is not less than 16 cm, and the weight is between 100-200 grams. Dark green color, dense flower ball, positive flowering circle, uniform and delicate flower buds, no starry phenomena (yellow grains), coke buds, rot, no wormholes, no live insects, no damage, no hollow stems and other deformities. The standard for domestic sales (domestic sales) is: the diameter of the flower bulb is 12-18 cm, the length of the flower bulb is not less than 14 cm, and the weight is 400-600 grams. Dark green color, dense flower ball, positive flowering shape, no yellowing buds, no buds, no wormholes, no live insects, no serious damage. To ensure that no mechanical damage occurs in the transportation process, 14-16 balls are packed in each basket, and the leaves are covered with sunscreen and bumps. After installing the car, it should be shaded on the net to prevent it from being exposed to sunlight for a long time.
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